The International Space Station Elements - All You Need To Know (Part 3)

The International Space Station is an experiment in design, development and assembly of an orbital space facility. It is not only a laboratory, but also and command post for orbital operations, a habitat for the crew, with a rendezvous port and the creation of smaller orbiting vehicles.

In the first article about the elements of the ISS, I stated that it when you are ready consists of 11 different elements, here are the last 4:

� The research laboratory grate Columbus is the European contribution to the ISS. It supports scientific and technological research in a micro-gravity environment. It is a multifunctional printing laboratory, the Node 2 to the ISS to carry out experiments. The experiments, on the Columbus, materials science, fluid physics, and biosciences.

� The Japanese Experiment Module (JEM) is also known as Hope is the first space crew institution ever developed by Japan. It consists of a pressure module (PM) and a Exposed Facility (EF). The clock is used primarily for micro-gravity experiments. The EF is located outside the printing environments ISS.

� The dome is a small module for observation outside the ISS. This is necessary for robotic activities, outboard use (EVA), and the concept of the vehicles. It will certainly give spectacular views of the earth. It has six side windows and a window at the top. All of them have shutters to protect them from potential collisions with orbital debris and contamination. It is 3 meters long and 1.5 meters high. It is berthed directly on a node with a common berthing mechanism (CBM). Two crew members can inside simultaneously with two computers workstations.

� The Mobile Service System (MSS) plays a crucial role in the construction of the ISS and the general station. There are astronauts and cosmonauts a chance to work on the outside from the inside. It consists of three parts: the Space Station Remote Manipulator (SSRMS), The Mobile Base System (MBS) and the Special Purpose Dexterous Manipulator (SPDM). The SSRMS is also known as Canadarm 2 is similar to that Canadarm used on the Space Shuttle. The difference is that Canadarm 2 is graer and more advanced. The MBS provides a mobile platform and storage facility for astronauts during space walks. 4 astronauts can grab in the same time.

The SSRMS and SPDM can both be mounted in the MBS simultaneously. Because it to the Mobile Transporter, mounted on a track system, they can move on the main elements of the ISS. The SPDM is a system with two arms. It can remove and replace smaller components on the outside of the station. It can be very precise work and is equipped with lighting, video equipment and an platform.

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The Ice Age Cometh

This winter (2007-2008) of snow fall and the snow cover was at its graten of North America, Siberia and China since 1966. And the Arctic ice pack, for so long but was condemned by all modern climate models, has a revival. Of course, this is only a winter and the next one could continue the warming trend in the last 2 decades. However, there are now two major reasons why it would be possible that we are on the verge of a new ice age.

Firstly there is the global circulation of ocean currents, which are something of it. On the pole the sinking of cold water rapidly downhill for thousands of Faen and take a cold water current at the bottom of the ocean. Meanwhile, as this cold water meets the warm tropical and it rises and is driven surface winds from the north, the redistribution of heat. The more efficient the Global Ocean belt, the warmer the world. However, the melting of Greenland's ice cap breaks all new records a huge amount of fresh water makes its way into our oceans. This water is less salty and less efficient sink, disrupting the circulation of ocean currents, such as the Gulf Stream. As a result, less heat is transferred north and we are all left to achieve for our woolly hats and thermal pajamas.

Okay This process is quite well known and is only a theoretical model (although there have recently been signs of a slowdown in the Gulf Stream brings warm tropical air from the Gulf of Mexico in the North Atlantic. But there is another factor in all this is always the climatologists and astronomers reaching for the medicine cabinet. Spots.

Sun Sun spots are cooler spots on the surface of the sun, but they are magnetically very active and are associated with huge solar flares and coronal mass ejections. So, a lot of heat and energy is pumped to us and all the other planets in the solar system. However, solar activity on the ground is currently very low. The last Time the sun was inactive was back in the 500 years since the mid-1300 until the middle of 1800, commonly known as the Little Ice Age. This global cooling of about 1-1.5 degrees Fahrenheit, causing livestock to die, crops fail and widespread famine and gnashing of teeth in the world. London's River Thames would regularly freeze in winter and little tykes would skate and Chuck snowballs at each other, so it was not all bad.

So we are in for a cooler world, a new Little Ice Age? Well, really. Global warming penalty dealers are in the red corner, and the little ice age pessimists are in the blue corner. Who is correct? Only time will tell, but we will continue to get together with our lives as usual raises any kind with us. So, the sun on the block in the summer, and two pairs of socks in winter. It is so cheerful that keeps us going!

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The (Ralph) Keeling Curve

In March, one of the most important research efforts in recent scientific history celebrates its 50th anniversary. The recording of the rising carbon dioxide in the atmosphere known as the Keeling curve for many people marked the date when the company is aware that human activities could lead to long-term changes to climate.

The Keeling curve, named after the late Charles David Keeling, geochemist at Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UC San Diego, has a series of debates in their 50-year history. It had by the early 1960s, the burning of fossil fuels would lead to a graere concentration of atmospheric CO2. The early warning system helped to make it clear that climate scientists that the increase of carbon dioxide would trigger major climate changes.

But the Keeling curve only describes what happens to a part of the carbon dioxide produced by natural and human activities. Other parts of the story is now told by a number of researchers, including Ralph Keeling own son. Some 20 years after it in the family business, Ralph Keeling has a record of atmospheric levels of oxygen, in the yin-yang of CO2, which is helping scientists understand what to expect from climate in the future. This part of the story began with a conversation between a father and son in the kitchen table.

finite reservoir

It, the Keeling curve to prove the false declaration of early twentieth century, when scientists for all emissions of a new industrial era. Since the age of the car up, a researcher at the time understood that human activities producing extra carbon dioxide beyond the amount of nature. They assume that the vast oceans would have the capacity to absorb this additional amount with little consequence to people.

The curve showed this was by far not the case. Beginning in March 1958 at an hourly rate of CO2 measurement, based on a National Weather Bureau station summit of Hawaii's Mauna Loa, Charles David Keeling measurements revealed a sharp increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. It has grown from about 315 parts per million (ppm) for this month to 383 ppm in the most recent measurement. The upward trend of the last century is almost perpendicular to the flat line that existed in the centuries before the industrial age. As dramatized by former Vice President Al Gore in his film "An Inconvenient Truth", the current level are, in fact, a wild departure from anything seen in the last 480000 years. Several ice ages and interglacial periods, ice core records show that these concentrations have never risen more than 300 ppm to now.

But measuring the rapid increase in CO2 in the atmosphere is still not for all CO2 that people have, through fossil fuel Burning, a lot of relatively easy to calculate from the energy industry records from the past century. Where's the rest?

Scripps marine chemist Andrew Dickson has helped chip away at the response from one angle. Since 1990 he has participated in efforts to ultraprecise measurements of concentrations of carbon into the oceans, which show an upward trend in line with inclusion of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

That recording is part of a natural exchange of gases between the ocean and sky, the Oceans are a carbon "sink" or repository, they absorb from a direct mixture of gases, caused by the actions of wind and waves on the surface and by the photosynthetic activity of phytoplankton in the surface ocean.

But although there was more carbon dioxide in the air and extra up by the oceans, scientists have found these quantities in the two areas are not yet sufficiently into account that all fossil fuels burning.

Where does the CO2 Go?

A kitchen table conversation with his father, a man whose work Ralph Keeling not fully appreciate until he was in college, put the younger Keeling to start a measurement of oxygen concentration in the atmosphere. At the time, in the late 1970s, was a debate between the brows oceanographers and terrestrial ecologists, estimates that people were even more CO2 emitting ashore through activities such as urbanization and increased use of wood as oceanographers could be eliminated. The gap between what people produce and scientists, which was measured even graer than previously thought, said the ecologists.

Ralph Keeling pointed out that his father's account of what had happened with his research, Keeling earlier mentioned, as an accurate measurement of oxygen in the atmosphere could be an answer to the discrepancy, because the CO2 absorption in the oceans is discernibly different from country, as plants are carbon dioxide.

With planted the seed in his mind, younger Keeling develops methods to measure very minute fluctuations in atmospheric oxygen. His first readings were in 1989, about the same time that Dickson started his work ocean carbon. The O2 readings, the railway stations in the Antarctic stretching north to points in and around the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean, showed what Ralph Keeling expects to see in a world filled with an ever-growing number of internal combustion engines, in Oxygen and emit greenhouse gases: carbon dioxide levels Just as would, oxygen levels fell by about 400 ppm from 1989 until today, a loss of 20 million from each of oxygen molecules per year.

The downward trend in the oxygen content was not a surprise, but the rate of Decline. It is not declining as fast as it should be. With the amounts of carbon dioxide in the oceans and the air well appreciated, Ralph Keeling postulated that increased photosynthesis in the country have for the rest of the CO2 production of society.

Exactly like all terrestrial trees and plants in the world do this is a open issue, however. In an era of clear forests and replacing the wilderness with the development of the people, it seems at first glance that there are fewer plants to make available any more work. The act of chopping down trees and burning them releases carbon dioxide in the trees, which absorb all the additional unlikely.

There are a variety of theories, why do it more biomass plants on land, said Keeling and Dickson, and each of them probably accounts for part of the answer. A basic requirement is that it is available to plant more carbon dioxide and nitrogen, two natural fertilizer produced by burning fossil fuels. In addition, notes Dickson, there are a number of evidence suggesting that, as cultivation methods in the last century have more efficiency and less intensive land use, places such as the Northeastern United States has afforested. Such growth creates new temporary increase in CO2 recording before plateauing such as forests mature.

Out of Mother Nature's hands

But but Mother Nature is working to mitigate the effects of rising CO2 levels in the country and in the oceans, Ralph Keeling is quick to point out that the apparent ability of land plants to slow down drop in atmospheric oxygen level is low. It can not be read as a sign that nature somehow priority given the increasing greenhouse gas concentrations. In fact, Ralph Keeling results suggest that to address a dire future in which, as he puts it, "instability is the norm."

"What we are talking about is not a world that is a little warmer, but a world that's constantly warming," said Keeling. "The period of instability is played out for centuries. This is the reason why it's important to stabilize carbon dioxide."

The younger Keeling pointed out that the use of the remaining reserves of fossil fuels on the earth is a storage of carbon dioxide at least five times that the storage of carbon in the atmosphere or on land. If all these reserves used his father's famous curve could register 2 readings as high as 1500 ppm within a few hundred years. The concentration of CO2 is still excessive for thousands of years, overwhelming natural control over climate.

"Ralph's work with oxygen takes us to the next depth of understanding," said Dickson. "We need to know that plausible to make claims about what is expected in the future we have."

Charles David Keeling will be remembered as a scientist, made it clear that carbon dioxide levels rise, because of human activities, ending what was only speculation, before the Keeling curve. Son Ralph's legacy could be that he, among many others, have made, the type of solution also clear. Nature's own fate will largely outside its own control, so that the company only two possibilities. It can ensure that the development of fossil fuel use with the current pace and almost certainly face catastrophic climate change. His other option is to drastically reduce fossil fuel use and learn to adapt to a new world in which climate change significantly, but hopefully not so severely.

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Haley's Comet And The Eta Aquarid Meteor Shower

The Eta Aquarids meteor shower was first isolated (and fixed to an orbital event) in the 1870s, when Lieutenant-Colonel GL Tupman observed them while sailing in the Mediterranean. As with many astronomical observations of the era, it was catalogued and annotated, it was not until William Herschel confirmed the shower with the recent adoption of Haley's Comet (and have an orbital plot) that the shower was bound to comet Halley & # 39; s in 1876.

When observation meteor showers today, as then, you will notice they seem from a hidden place in heaven, one speaks of a beaming. The radiant heat for the Eta Aquarids is close to the star Eta Aquarius, and varies in Grae derived from 5 to 7 degrees, depending on the celestial mechanics. The meteors streaks across the sky from a point in space near the star, tracing the routes they will take you back to that point of origin.

Due to orbit the earth around the sun, the angle of the meteors appear to shifts of a few Degrees each night, generally east and moving in the direction of the ecliptic (the south in the northern hemisphere, north of the southern hemisphere.) .

One of the unique aspects of the Eta Aquarids is that they are easier to observe from the Southern Hemisphere; This has resulted in a lack of observations from their confirmation, by mid-1920, when Australian and New Zealand amateur astronomers have begun tracking. Most years, the Aquarids peak times around 5 or 6 May, with about 30 meteors per hour is at the peak of the southern hemisphere, and about half a sign that the people north of the equator. (The reason is simply that the part of the sky the meteors radiate out is higher in the sky of the southern hemisphere.) The projected peak for the year 2008 is 25-30/hr for the northern hemisphere and for those of us lucky in the southern hemisphere to 70/hour on the morning of the 5th and 6 May! This increase over the experienced most years, because of our passing through an unusually dense flow of debris from Comet Haley.

Most Meteor showers are gravel and sand grain-sized spots left over from the core of a comet, as it is the Sun. Remember that a comet tail is always the point away from the sun, and that is where the "train" of gravel and sand comes from. You may think the entire path that makes ellipsoidal Haley's comet around the sun as filled with a streamer of sand and dust, all moving at its orbital speed; over the decades, and this orbit of the Earth changes, and Finally, the Earth passes through this debris. If so, these objects impact of the upper atmosphere and burn up.

If you stay up late (or early), this is an observation with the naked eye event. They have the best image quality approximately 3 to 5 clock time. If you are only in the fascinating hobby of observing the night sky, this is a good place to start. The objects are bright, noticeably move across the sky, and require only your naked eye to see. More than a couple is left visible, that the strips will linger for half a second or more, so that they are quite memorable and noticeable. The Eta Aquarids, as her sister shower the Orionids in October (also from Comet Haley), belong to the annual showers better to observe from the Southern Hemisphere, because they show in the sky. Compared to the Leonids and Geminids, they are much more visible to the southern hemisphere observer.

If You are always concerned about the hardest hit by something from the sky, you should be! However, it is not to be a meteor shower. The great danger is Earth-crossing asteroids, as Apophis (but this is a story for another day). While the Earth takes about 14 million tons of meteoric dust in one year, the total compared to the mass of the earth's atmosphere is negligible.

What is potentially interesting is that some say that the sowing blocks for life came from meteoric dust; This is part of the theory of "PanSpermia" by Sir Fred Hoyle. While not much victims in Astro-biological circles, it has not been completely excluded. Certainly, everything that both could survive the vacuum of space, crossing the Van Allen belts, and survive the thousand degree temperatures to crash through the atmosphere would be very durable and would likely be out compete them on the ground. On the other hand, it's great fodder for science-fiction stories, especially here in Australia, where our experience with invasive species have been colorful.

All said, to be sure that you get up early and enjoy the show, grate the challenge you are likely to face the chill morning air and waking up! However, I think a good meteor shower as the Eta Aquarids, the effort paid off, especially those year

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Pitfalls of Modern Medical Science (3) - Isolationism

Modern medical science focuses on the search for internal causes of diseases such as germs and viruses inside the human body. Most medical researchers and practitioners do not care about the natural and social environments environment an individual person and patients because they think that the causes of illnesses and diseases are just reducible to smaller parts of the body. In establishing such a micro-nature of causality, they isolate the human body from the environment for medical examinations and tests and for disease diagnosis and treatments. Isolationism is a natural consequence of reductionism in medical studies.

In isolationism, man and environment are expected to be clear limits. For example, psychoanalytic theory relating to anxiety disorders as a purely psychological problem rooted in our consciousness. Cognitive behavior therapy theory refers to anxiety disorders as spiritual issues related to misperceived information or a simple problem of inadequate thoughts. In both theories, anxiety disorders are purely psychological problems, not to what surrounds the body /mind. Following these assumptions, the treatment of anxiety disorders sounds simple. Some mental activities and think simply patterns should be addressed, such as the discovery of our unconscious conflicts and changing irrational thoughts. On the other hand, biological theory says that anxiety disorders are not related to our minds and thinking, but a problem with the lack of brain chemistry. If certain brain chemistries are altered by the interference of drugs, the symptoms of anxiety disorders can removed.

In all cases, modern medicine tends to reduce the link between the mind /body conditions and the environment around the body. While laboratory experiments and tests are very popular in modern medical research, the human body are treated as physical objects in a vacuum, a natural vacuum as well as a social problem with this conventional vacuum.

The assumption is clear. Our people are living organisms and our lives are totally dependent on the natural environment provides that the air for our breathing, water and food for our food, etc. Without these essential elements from the environment, life is impossible. It is therefore logical say that our people are part of nature. We are a sub-system of the entire universe and we are linked together and with other parts of the universe. What happens in the environment will inevitably impact on our human beings. The famous metaphor of the "butterfly effect" in chaos theory (in later modern science) tells us that the movement of a butterfly wing in Japan can the climate of the United States a few days later, and may extend to the entire universe, in principle, if we do not notice. It is always the natural environment conditions of our human beings. The quality and the welfare of our lives and health of body and mind are generally associated with the natural environment and subject to the laws of the patterns and nature.

Furthermore, people are social animals. We live in a community, in a society, and in the social world. While they may have a significant impact on our heads, social interactions can affect our bodies also how the mind and body are inextricably linked. The diseases of stress and anxiety could be a typical case, where a variety of social pressures play an important role in such illnesses.

Given that medical isolationism is proved to be flawed, more attention should focus on the natural and social environment in the understanding of our health and Disease. This means that each disease should be examined not only from inside the body, but also to examine from outside the body. The environmental factors such as environmental pollution, toxic-contaminated elements, social pressure and way of life should receive greater attention in the medical studies.

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Life at the Atomic Level - How Does it Look?

When we see around us our house, our computers, other gadgets, grass, birds, other human beings, tables, chairs, jungle, land, clouds, lakes and so on. We see and meet countless creations in our lives. Some of them are sold, some liquid and some gases. Some give us some comfort such as acids burn us. Each object or material has different things, different backgrounds and a different story. An animal shares nothing in common with a tree say. But what about the atomic level? What is our world looks into the atomic world?

If someone had the power to see only atomic particles and not a substance he /she would billion and the billions of nuclei to him /her. They would see countless electrons spinning around them. It would make no difference between them see how a man and a car made of steel. How is this so?

Most of us read atoms in the school. Each material consists of atoms. Some of them are just like silver atoms, where some are molecules like water. An atom consists of a nucleus and electrons. The core consists of protons and neutrons. The electrons keep rotating through the core, without stopping. If you can change the number of protons and electrons in an atom are the material changes. By changing an atom of hydrogen, you can even gold. But to break an atom and add or remove, protons and electrons is practically impossible.

Though we see the world in the form of gases, liquids and solids, the world consists of atoms that are only in the number of protons and electrons. If you see the world in the form of protons, neutrons and electrons, see the world uniformly only these three particles. You will see everything only in the form of particles and see no liquid, gas or solids. If you break the protons, neutrons and electrons and the achievement of the absolute fundamental particles that these three, you can only see that the basic particles. Science has yet to find the fundamental particles that make the whole uniform world.

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Universe - Is it Finite?

Is universe finite or infinite? It was stated that "Big Bang" was about 14.7 billion years old. After that the universe is expanding. The galaxies are Running Away from each other. The farther galaxies are in the running, that much higher speed. So the universe is said to expand and finite.

To call something like infinite or finite, let us think about what is the thing. Here we are discussing about the universe. Space is a part of it? Space is a part of the universe, when it than the distance between two stars or bodies. But the space beyond the most distant stars is not always as part of the universe. I see no reason why this area should not be seen as part of the universe. The space is a part of the universe as soon as a star achieved, but not before. Are we saying that the Stern created, space and the space was not present that sooner?

When the universe was supposed to be a focal point at the time of the Big Bang, what about the space around it? Was not that part of the universe? Or that a part after the blast happened? This is a problem confusing. Logically, we should consider space as part of the universe. In view of this we should say that the universe is infinite. What is finite is the distance of stars at any point. But the area also goes on and on. If someone proves that the area is also finite and enclosed, the next question would be - how about what lies beyond this room?

There is definitely not in science. If some new discoveries are made, you can even revise the idea of the Big Bang. The cosmos is a miracle Beyond Human comprehension.

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Non-locality and Entanglement

Einstein called non-locality "spukhaften action at a distance". He was concerned that the early founders of quantum mechanics zuzubilligen were the effects we see manifested in the material world, the non-local causes, meaning they were not measurable in the physical area. Einstein's argument against the entire non-local causes include a condition known as entanglement.

To show that the quantum theory was incomplete, he asked two fellow physicists to help a thought experiment of the later famous so-called EPR paradox. It was the theory that if a particle goes through beta decay, two new particles were produced. They have worked together with another, they are considered to be entangled. These two particles are sent away from each other either in a straight line or at right angles. If the spin of the two measured, a table with the results can be shown that they are correlated in some direct way. Einstein suggested that the only way for this to happen was that some motor traveled between the particles A and B and provides the necessary information for B drop in the appropriate state in correlation to the state after a been a measured.

Here & # 39;'s Fang, Einstein noted. A force can only travel at the speed of light and can only go so far between the particles. This means that the short range of force can achieve the outer traversed with the speed of light in what amounts to no time or immediately. When the distance between the particles increased, can not force the travel far to immediately to the other particle.

Here 's another way to think about this concept. A large building contains a very powerful electromagnets. When it is turned on, in the vicinity of metallic objects in the direction of flight. But the magnetic field can only relate to objects within a certain distance. It has no effect on the cars outside the building to the parking lot. If he can even the cars in the same time and in the same way as in the vicinity of metal objects, some influence outside force or hidden information would have to travel faster than the speed of light into the parking lot. In the quantum theory, this influence is seen as "hidden variable". Einstein wanted to show that there is no such thing spooky existed.

Later, physicist John Bell developed a matrix, a table or any combination of the recognition on any combination of angular alignment of the two detectors and compared it to a classic table with measured results (those with Only local causes). The table showed that the quantum theory of hidden variables produce more accurate predictions than the traditional table of measurements. This has been experimentally proved in 1982 by Alan Aspect.

Some physicist physicists experiment also interpreted this to mean that travel faster than light could also be possible. The type of correlation gema Bell's theorem was involvement in a 1935 paper written by Edwin Schrodinger.

The epistemological and metaphysical implications of this idea are staggering. What is selected for a system affects all other systems, with entangled. Of Schrodinger went on to say, "It is rather discomforting that the theory should be a system to control or tested in one or the other type of Minister of State at the experimenter, despite his mercy do not have access to" .

leads back to the philosophical implications of free will against determinism is often entangled with the human implications of the same philosophical issues. Later, Schrodinger's original idea that reality has been expanded to all experimental reality, that the spirit and soul, the Schrodinger never meant to address. As Heisenberg pointed out, philosophical arguments can not be avoided and a good physics can be spoiled by poor philosophy.

Scientific theories and discoveries such as the entanglement is not really something to prove. They provide models and frameworks of understanding. They ask us to ask the question, "Are the laws of the physical description of the area also apply to all non-physical field?" Many intuitive could argue that this is a bogus issue. You could say that the laws of non-physical field are what create and maintain what we perceive as the physical realm. Unfortunately, the science needs something to measure a thing of all. Since the advent of quantum theory, some physicists have come to the same realization that all mystics, for ever, is that the act of measurement is the limit of science, but not the limit of reality.

Do you experience "measures to spukhaften Distance seems to mean the transfer of information outside the physical area? Is there a limit beyond which science can never measure, but some information is still influences our material realm?

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International Space Station (ISS) - A Link With Aboriginal History

I am happy to live in a region of Australia with one of the richest Aboriginal culture and a living history. North East Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory is located at the confluence of the Arafura Sea and the Gulf of Carpenteria. As an avid astronomer, I'm always on the lookout for an opportunity to exchange the night sky with others. On this day the two came together in a beautiful symmetry.

Sharing the pleasure of the north-east Arnhem Land with visitors is always a satisfactory experience in the IT self. A crystal-clear stream cooperation with beautiful fish, Bushland alive with the sound and movement of tropical birds and lunch with friends really sets the scene well.

Follow them with a lazy afternoon on a white sand beach cradled by red ochre rock with a background of the rain forest on the coast, and you have to ask, it may be better than this!

The terminus for the day was to open the coastal plain known as Macassans (local spelling) Beach. Fringed with Casuarina trees, seemed to sing in the wind, as the dry season sea breeze whistled through their light green pine as leaves.

To put on the image, the Aboriginal people of NE Arnhem Land as the Yolngu people, the Yolngu language known as Mata . Not all the words in their language comes from our shores though. The Makassan people in Sulawesi (now part of Indonesia) was the trade with Yolngu people 200 years before Australia was colonised by Europeans. The Makassan's have a significant impact on the Yolngu people, including the addition of many words to their already rich language.

We had just finished a view to "Macassan" stone drawings, a very important venue for the local Yolngu people. http://www.nt.gov.au/nreta/heritage/ntregister/declared/display.html?wurrwurrwuy

I looked at (how often you do if you are an astronomer), And it was the IIS, high overhead costs and bright as can be. The ISS was travelling from north to south-west-east and was as bright as the planet Jupiter. Only then that I connect with the sailing Makassan people in their annual trade trip to the Yolngu home in NE Arnhem Land, from the north-west in the South East. Just as the ISS had done before our eyes, high above the stone images of the arrival Makassan ships after the end of the 18th Century!

What a contrast to the ISS is the Makassan sailing ship of the old applied that trade with the Yolngu people 200 years before the Europeans were even in this country, let alone fly by space.

Yet the similarities are still there, people of different races purchased together with a knowledge of the stars. For surely Makassan 's must navigate their way here by the position of the stars and the Yolngu people of their expected arrival of their own celestial calendar. Just as the ISS brings people of all nations together in the pursuit of Space Science, as we work our own place in the universe. With ever more precise distances to plotted stars in our galactic neighbourhood and an insatiable longing, a habitable planets around other star.

The "Macassan" pictures and the passage of the ISS was a real feast for all the attendees, and will be remembered for a long time to come. Please note that you never know what you could see!

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Mating Behaviour of Indian Wall Lizard Hemidactylus Flaviviridis (Ruppell)

INTRODUCTION: Indian

The wall lizard Hemidactylus flaviviridis (Rupell) is a joint Indian lizard, reported breeding season from March to June. The lizards, in contrast to mammals, donot mate from behind, because it is not possible for most lizards, after hard, spiny scales on the back. Rather, the male lizard approaches the women from the side, with slight biting in the neck of the female and tries to the cloaca of women in a position as close as possible. The male lizard has paired copulatory organs, called hemipenes. They are within the ventral part of the tail, in sheathes. One connects each vas deferens to one of the testicles hemipenes. Lizard's testicles are inside the body. During the mating season, the Hemipenis closer to female established. The hemipenes of many species of lizard is decorated with thorns or "hook" of a kind, ensuring during the mating season. The sexual organs are hidden within the cloaca in lizards (Simms, 2006) .

Methodology: Indian

The wall lizard Hemidactylus flaviviridis (Ruppell) was observed during the mating season. The observation was made in the state of Jharkhand India by the author at 3:50 clock in April 2008. The photograph was taken by the use of Canon A-10 digicam.

OBSERVATION:

The male was found that the female Chase for 3 days before mating and in response, the female was angry and out of their male counterparts. The pairing could be divided into three successive phases; pre-coital phase, phase coital and post-coital phase.

The pre-coital phase lasted 15-20 minutes. During this phase, which started the male shakes his body and the female stopped from moving. After 5 minutes, it began gradually to the females. In return, the female also started shaking his tail first, and then shaked the upper half of the body, which means the head, neck and upper abdominal region. The male aiming to achieve female, began biting the left side of the tail and gradually moved upwards. When they reached the side of the head, it started biting the lower jaw of female and throw again and again their right to get a hold time hindlimb of women, near the tail. Then he suddenly jumped from left to right side of the female and took a job in twisted manner.

The coital phase began with the insertion of the cloaca Hemipenis to the females. This phase lasted 10-12 minutes. Both the lizards were motionless in this phase. Since the coital phase was over, suddenly, it was untwisted with a noticeable jerk.

At the post-coital phase, untwisted the lizards were still in close contact with inserted Hemipenis clearly visible to the audience. At that time it appeared in a form of "Y". She remained in this position for 7-10 seconds. Then she got completely separated. Then the man suddenly came aggravated and the female.

REFERENCES:
1 Simms, Alex "Lizard breeding - Hof /mating connector." Lizard breeding - Hof /mating connector. January 5, 2006. EzineArticles.com. June 20 2008

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Why is Our Solar System Flat?

Have you ever wondered why our solar system is flat. Except of course for some comets and asteroids, all our major planets orbiting on the same plane within a few degrees. I have often wondered about this and have searched for possible causes with no results until the first this year (2008) .

addition to our dog driving us crazy all day and suddenly afraid to go outside that, something else strange happen . I had seen images from the SOHO satellite for the Comets, if the images no longer to clock 9.32 UT (Universal Time) on 5 January. The last c2 camera image was in the final 9:32 and C3-picture camera was 8:42 on clock. Am I assumed that there is a problem with the website and will continue to check back in the next two days.

I also deal with some of the other satellite data and noticed something strange, I do not understand that the data shows, but I can see that something has to change, the early morning of the 5th January. The Proton Monitor (PM) is one of the scientific sensors on the spacecraft SOHO and in the morning that they registered a sudden increase in energy from the sun.

Everything back to normal after about three days and all the SOHO pictures were there, it must it is a mistake with the Web-site.

The Proton Monitor (PM) is a sub-sensor of the MTOF instrument, which is one of 3 Time-of-flight instruments from the CELIAS experiment on the spacecraft SOHO. MTOF provides high-resolution mass spectra of heavy ions of the solar wind and uses a very wide range of energy-per-charge analyzer to maximize the counting statistics.

What looks like occurred was an interplanetary shock. The recent shocks occurred on 17 December, 25 October and 27 September 2007. This is most likely through solar energy flares.

In 2004, NASA reported that graten ever recorded shock:

Earth's safe zone Became Hot Zone During Legendary Solar Storms 12.15.04. The beauty of science is that nothing is for certain. There are times when scientists think they have found something, and then raises of nature for a loop. Just such an event happened last autumn, when the sun broke in some massive, record explosions shocked that hurled billion tons of electrified gas toward Earth.

All this technical information me look at information from other satellites and a report that my Attention from the Ulysses solar spacecraft. Ulysses was in a polar orbit around the sun, perpendicular to the path of planets.

The was the following:

ULYSSES status reports

by RG Marsden,

Ulysses Project Scientist, ESA

Science Highlights

Interstellar dust, in the heliosphere with the same speed as neutral interstellar gas, was detected first by Ulysses. The incoming flow is expected to remain constant, but once in the heliosphere, the dust particles are subject to the forces of the sun's gravitational field, solar radiation and pressure, because the dust is electrically charged, the Heliospheric magnetic field (HMF). Gravity and radiation pressure on the more massive grains, but the movement of low-mass interstellar dust is dominated by the magnetic force.

Theory suggests that changes in the HMF causes a solar cycle fluctuations in the dust distribution. The dust is deflected towards higher latitudes (defocused), when the polar cap area is outside the north hemisphere and the dust is deflected equator-Ward (focus), when the north polarity is inward.

What all this leads me to concluded that over time as interstellar dust collected around the sun, the graer more grains with massive metal content collected in orbits around the sun's equator. Less dense material, the comet was formed in random orbits.

Now I wonder why all the tracks are in the same direction?

If you look at the moon and all the crater, or in the Shooting Stars in the night, you began to realize that it is a material flying around in space. The more I learn the more interesting it is, I hope eventually to buy a telescope!

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Divining Your Soul Number

Your soul number that defines nature or your heart's desire, based on the vowels in the name published, that your birth certificate. This reading describes what you or another person value or want in life.

First most of all, the elimination of all consonants from your birth name by adding the numeric equivalents, based on the chart below.

A 1

E 5

I 9

0 6

U 3

For example, We Pamela Anderson, born Pamela Denise Anderson.

First we would all consonants from their names. The result is

aea EIE aeo

We would then add the equivalent number of all these letters together and reduce it to a single digit as in:
1 +5 +1 +5 +9 +5 +2 +5 +6 = 39

3 +9 = 11

1 +1 = 2

Pamela Anderson is a master's number 11 and 2, would read the interpretations to stand as described below.

interpretations of the soul number

Soul number than anything 1

More other people with this number to request the number one in all areas of their lives. These individuals often extravagant long in the spotlight. They delight in experimentation and are the first to see a trend to use or new philosophy, which enable them from the crowd. More than anything the almost childlike Soul Number 1 secretly sought unconditional approval others.

Soul number 2

Individuals with this number have a deep desire to always be right. They are black and white thinker, often others say "it's my way or the high way." As they often have a difficult life, with criticism from others, especially in child hood, it is her desire to respect that it leads to sometimes so hard. Soul number 2 of the great benefits of developing a rather than accept autocratic approach to dealing with other people.

Soul number 3

Soul number 3 is a great desire to be beautiful. In childhood, they are usually the ugly duckling and although many of them grow in swans, they are often the feeling that something is not right with her appearance. Soul number 3 is do not believe in aging gracefully and many of them on plastic surgery in later years to defy the ravages of time. Some Point 3 should also be artists or photographers, in order to convey the importance of beauty others.

Soul number 4

More than anything, Soul No. 4 long emotional and financial security. As a result, they clingy, possession and control of their loved ones. Their fear of risks may also cause them to "stick", especially when it comes to academics and career. Rule No. 4 to keep what they know works and react with hostility to any suggestion to change. The development of trust to handle everything that comes their way is the best way for the number 4 is to overcome their insecurity.

Soul number 5

Soul number 5 of desire freedom more than anything else in their lives. They are somewhat claustrophobic and feel very cramped office jobs and routines. To avoid apathy and depression, number 5's should endeavour, career, travel a lot or a flexible schedule. They function best as the owners of their own business or entrepreneurship. The development of a government of spiritual study also strongly supports 5, as they help their quell unrest and develop a sense of inner peace.

Soul number 6

Soul paragraph 6 of desire justice at all costs. This pro-active individuals see themselves as representatives of karma and often work behind the scenes to punish and reward undeserving, identifying them as underdogs. They are also perfectionists on many levels and often unrealistic demands on themselves and others in their never-ending quest to balance the score. In order to mitigate a tendency to resent all authority or judge a book by its cover, 6 the need to learn tolerance and acceptance of others, do not share their views or moral standards.

Soul number 7

Soul paragraph 7 of the desire unconditional love. Many of them come from abusive or addicted families, so often they succumb to addiction or codependences with toxic partners. 7's are often motivated by the desire to love others without conditions, as we always have the same desire for themselves. Unfortunately, their friendliness is not always rewarded, because they tend to choose not emotionally, mentally ill or otherwise difficult partners. Individuals following this difficult path soul often multiple disks lessons about "letting go" of the poor relations before the end of their life.

Soul number 8

Soul number 8, the creatures, the practical value of success above all else. Even as many of them children show an incredible ability to deal with other people and make the right decisions in terms of academics and career. Although they appear selfish and materialistic to other, their real desire (at least at the beginning) is to create a more prosperous future for their family, friends and community. 8's are usually generous and philanthropic individuals, not the feeling that they deserve, unless they love others provide a gift. Often they have to learn that apart from the acquisition of wealth, there are simpler route to happiness.

Soul number 9

Those born with a soul number 9 have a great desire to transcend all karma, by using humor. Many writers are funny, public speakers and filmmakers. They are also great teachers, if they have a way of transforming spiritual messages and philosophies in entertainment for the masses. Most of them are gentle souls, they have their life's mission to make the world into a kinder. Many of them are also liberal thinkers, for the right of every individual to their own mistakes. Their motto is: "Remember that take time to smell the flowers."

Soul number 11

Number 11 is a master of soul. The main responsibility of these persons directive is to change the world through the use of spiritual knowledge, skills or tools. More than anything these people often desire so close to God or enlightenment as possible in this world. Often this is achieved through the conscious choice to be born in bad situations to punish them for that erroneous actions in other lives. This leads to an incarnation as a "wounded healer" later in life that enables them to enlighten others.

Soul number 22

Number 22's are the master of numerology manifesters divination system. These people seldom make a step in life, without first ensuring that its decisions are consistent with the leadership of the Divine Will. These souls are up to us to transform the world for the better. They achieve this by combining practicality and genius with inspiration, intuition and a heart-felt desire to do what is best for all. Most of the 22 believe that it is possible to the kingdom of heaven on earth.

Soul number 33

Soul number 33 of the value of a state of grace above all else. Many of them appear as a mystery, since it next to impossible to determine the logic behind their motivations or actions. A master soul number of 33 is very, very rare. Often spend most of their lives as wrong or persecuted for their beliefs. But how many are enlightened and completely detached from emotions or events, the actions of ordinary mortals have little impact on their directive on the transformation of the mentally-world.

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Recycling Seal Lead Acid Batteries

Seal lead-acid batteries have a long history as one of the most environmentally friendly resources on the free market and are "greener" then soft drink cans, beer cans, newspapers, glass bottles, and tires. In fact, lead-acid batteries are an ecological success story of our time. More than 97 percent of the battery is recycled. This is almost twice as much as aluminum soft drink and beer cans, newspapers, glass bottles and tires. In fact, lead-acid batteries are the most recycled consumer product of our time. How will lead-acid batteries recycled and reused in new batteries. What is the recycling of lead-acid batteries? Let's find out.

Lead acid batteries are transported by truck to the recycling center. Once a recycling center batteries are broken apart in a hammermill, it is a machine that hammers the battery into pieces. At its most basic level, a hammermill is a steel drum, a cross-shaped rotor. On the rotors mounted that pivot hammers, when the rotor turns. If the rotor turns the swing hammers, and if the battery goes into the drum broke the batteries pieces.

Once broke into the batteries components are separated into 3 categories:

plastics

Broken pieces of polypropylene plastic will be collected , Washed and blown dry in a plastic recycler. In the plastic recycler of the defective parts of polypropylene are melted in the plastic melting point right (or glass transition temperature (Tg), which is the temperature at which a polymer changes from hard and brittle to soft and pliable). Then the plastic is melted by a machine, a so-called extruder that forms of melted plastic in the pellets are then sold back to the battery manufacturer at the beginning of the new battery manufacturing process.

lead

The lead - Acid batteries lead grids, lead oxide lead and other parts are cleaned and then by warming at 621.5 degrees Fahrenheit - leads melting point. After the tour reaches its melting point the molten lead poured into ingots mold. The contaminants, known as dross, floats up and later scratched off the blocks and then sit there until they cool. After cooling units are sold back to the manufacturer for use with the new record lead production.

electrolyte - Sulfuric acid

Spent battery acid neutralised with the help of an industrial grade soda. After neutralization of the acid into the water turns, handled, cleaned, to clean water, and then into the public sewers. Another option would be to convert spent battery acid in sodium sulphate, which is used in detergents, glass and textile manufacturing. Since this is a typical battery recycling plant recovered 10000 tonnes of lead, about 4000 tonnes of sulphuric acid, and over 6000 tons of sodium sulphate - there is definitely some merit in this transformation process.

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Choosing a Good Beginners Telescope - Cutting Through the Info Overload

So you have been bitten by the error of astronomy and want to try your own telescope, but you are confused by the multiplicity of possible purchase? You are not alone, astronomy stores are accustomed to deal with the confused beginner course, but not everyone has the opportunity to visit a specialist store. This article is intended to help cut through some of the confusion.

There are several factors to take into account practical considerations such as Grae, weight and portability to the price you can afford and, in fact, where are you going to do the Majority of your observation. Ignoring advanced applications such as astrophotography we think of the following lines.

As a general rule is that the graer the aperture, the more you can expect out of your telescope. Refractors are usually surpass similar Grae reflectors. Refractors are however more expensive than reflectors, by the very high quality glass. You can also impractical to use in graeren openings, where they can reach very long tube lengths.

Large aperture reflectors can relatively short tubes and very easy to use and inexpensive. It is a bit more than the maintenance you may have to clean and align the mirror from time to time, this procedure is known as collimation.

Catadioptric telescopes are a combination of refractor and reflector are quite portable and even with large aperture openings. A large number of amateur astronomers who have access to good dark sky sites, ultimately with catadioptric telescopes, due to the fact that a number of possibilities including astrophotography. The big, like most large aperture areas are not ideal in the light polluted areas like the city and suburbs.

Those large Dobsonian telescopes are really only large reflectors mounted on simple turntables and their attraction is its large light capture and ease of use, so that they are ideal for the visual astronomy in a good position (again, they are not so good in the light polluted areas) .

If you do not enjoy the idea of learning to find your way around the sky you could consider buying one of the Models equipped with a computerised Mount. This "Go-To 'telescopes have aimed at finding a breeze.

With these facts in mind, you can now think where you are doing most of the observation and choose a telescope beginners. If you live in the city and are unlikely to get to a rural site for the observation of nitrogen then perhaps with the small to medium sized refractors, reflectors or catadioptrics, with or without the go-to function, your budget will probably start to dictate the choice here, if On the other hand, you live in a dark sky area then my recommendation is to buy a great big Dobson. They offer so much joy and ads are so easy to use, it is difficult to fault them.

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Dimensions - A Word of Many Faces

The word "dimension" is very different from the rational science than by the intuitive art communities. In its most basic sense, the term "dimension" means "can be measured." It generally refers to the measure of physical space and that is, such as mathematics and natural sciences, the rational can be treated. In the intuitive art, dimension of the rule refers to a realm of existence or whether it is not physical space occupied. Also, the rational sciences and the intuitive art community has a bit of a disagreement on this ontological word. Therefore, the term is the context for his ordnungsgemae sense derived.

The type of geometry most of us studied in high school is planar, because it only the two dimensions of a flat surface. A simple x, y grid, known as a Cartesian coordinate system, sufficient to describe the situation from any point on this level. But that most describe objects, we need an additional dimension of height, also known as the Z-axis. To describe when a jet during the flight through the air, we need an additional dimension of time. Also, a flying jet requires four dimensions to describe correctly, the x, y, z and a fourth dimension of time.

This type of measurement is often confused with Einstein's description of the 4D space-time, what is really a description of one thing, not four separate elements of the description. It is the geometric structure of space, which is in the form bent by gravity. This also prevents time at the same rate. Also, to clarify the difference, objects in motion can be described with four dimensions, three of the reference point in a room and a reference of time. There are four separate descriptive elements. On the other hand, space-time is a 4D thing. The element of time is inseparable from the same cloth as well as the spatial dimensions.

The word "dimension", as established by intuitive art practitioners usually refers to areas of existence. The physical domain is one such area of existence. The other dimensions are not as close as that in which we are physically present. The physical dimension is like the light was slowed down to the seemingly solid. Nature and objects in other dimensions consist of light or pure energy, which is the reason why they are moving faster, or at a higher frequency than can generally be exercised in the physical realm.

Many parallels have been drawn in the New Age thinking between this idea and quantum mechanics, which states that we seem solid, but we are actually bits of energy. The quantum model still falls short of what the intuitive intend, but it is sufficient for the comparison and modeling reference.

Since the words light, frequency and vibration from the rational sciences and the intuitive art, often confusion by the fact that the different meanings. For example, in physics, string theory requires ten spatial dimensions. M-theory requires eleven dimensions. It is spatial dimensions, not realms of existence. Since physical existence is supported by three levels of action and a time we can not even on a spatial level. So, where are these extra dimensions that are necessary for string theory? Believe it or not, they rolled up in the other dimensions. Try to imagine that a different spatial plane rolled up inside length. It is inconceivable that the spirit but perfectly acceptable mathematics.

The theoretical idea that a physical dimension that is rolled inside another busy and the same "space" seems to me far out as a purely energetically to higher frequency of the same occupation physical space that I do. Also, in many respects, physicists and intuitive to do with the same dilemma offer proof of the existence of other dimensions. The most intuitive explain that the other dimensions are almost imperceptible for what they really are, and there are very few words from our physical existence, an appropriate match for the experience. Physicists complain that they have the same problem. Eventually, we simply have to expand our faith to these concepts to review progress in the investigation of them, until we can develop the hard evidence that they exist.

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What if We Send Microbes to Terra to Form Another Planet?

How would you go on terra form another planet? Now you could send microbes at the beginning of organic life. Of course, it takes 4 billion years to do Judging from our knowledge of our planet.

What if we could send microbes Terra form another planet, giving them to light rays or DNA or RNA components to bacteria in sequences in a light Beam? What happens when we are at this beam of light through time? In any case, if you found out what a planet could indeed terra form in the past by these microbes back into the past (4 billion years) and then they would grow and eat itself to death, but starting all kinds of life, then die and be buried more than a billion years, again in oil and then, if you do, you have plant life, oil reserves and moisture, which means water, atmosphere and abundance of life.

We have found in lakes in California a thriving extremophile microbe arsenic in saturated mud on Earth. They eat the arsenic and can not live without them. Is not this kind of point for life on other planets, it seems to survive all over the earth? Well, of course, absolutely, glad to see you are not in denial like all the religious fundamentalist radicals, are often very close-minded. There is no doubt that any kind of life you can imagine, including the one in which an entire planet is alive, perhaps a dead giant collapsed sun, or a giant planet ridden on with life. Why not, with all the trillions of places, but it exists. Some here are some there, some everywhere, some we do not have here, there and elsewhere, some of what is there, it may be here also.

The universe and everything in it is life, and it is everywhere. There is life on Mars, Venus, Pluto and Alpha CENTARI, you name it, there are several types of life everywhere. And our actions can lead to life or kill life on other planets, modify their eco-systems or at the end to destroy, we must respect and proceed with caution, but we should not eliminate our Opportunities, without knowing the technologies that we will soon have in the near future. Think of this.

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Equal Time For Creation Science?

Equal Time for Creation Science?

James Alexander, Ph.D.

Beginning in 1925, in a planned challenge to the existing statutes, there were many challenges to the teaching of evolution in public schools. The famous trial, the so-called Scopes Monkey Trial, held in Dayton, Tennessee in 1925, the state law prohibiting the teaching of evolution. John Scopes, a substitute teacher, at the request of the ACLU, taught biology from an evolutionary standpoint. The ACLU was looking for a test case dealing with the matter and he worked with scopes and the school. Scopes lost the case and was sentenced to a fine, and the anti-evolution Butler Act was upheld.

Nevertheless, it is a well-accepted maxim that you can "win the battle and lose the war." This seemed the final outcome of this famous case. The case was extensively covered by the media. Persecution on behalf of the State was known fundamentalist and three former presidential candidate, William Jennings Bryan. In Defense of Scopes was known liberal defense lawyer Clarence Darrow. Although Darrow lost his case, in the opinion of most American fundamentalists are looking for and not stupid and fanatical. Time went on. Finally, the science and the development was in the public school biology classes.

That not stop the challenger. Once development was the challenger, now it was "the creation of science." Seeing virtually all doors closed in their faces, creationists tried another stroke. Now they are demanding that the creation of "science" be taught along with evolution. There are many problems with this idea that the graten how science is defined.

In Michael Shemer's insightful book, Why Darwin Matters: The Case Against Intelligent Design , the latest creationist scheme Which shall be discussed. Intelligent Design (ID) is a point that organisms display a "irreducible complexity" and that the systems and organisms show the leadership of the hand of a designer. The identity of the designer is not treated, though, as Shermer points out that the leaders of the movement are far from representative of the evangelical Christians community.

A liberal counterpart to the ACLU, the TMLC (Thomas More Law Center) was the search (Remember Please contact the ACLU and the "Scopes Monkey Trial?) For a chance to try the idea of" equal "to intelligent design in a court of law. Shermer reported that they found only one such case in Dover, Pennsylvania, where the local school board had adopted a kind of "equal time" policy. worried parents logged suit and a trial was held in 2005. Presiding was conservative Christian judge, John Jones, 2002 Bush appointee. Things were looking for the creationists, or so it seemed. Surprisingly, after many testimonies by experts from both sides, the judges ruled that the science is a product of empirical investigation but religion can not be investigated in the same way. Ungedeckten facts in the case showed that the school district in particular and the Intelligent Design movement in general were religious, not scientific evidence. When the judges pointed out, religion and science operate in different fields of development and was not contrary to the belief in God as the basis of epistemological two differed so strongly. In short, the judge threw out the directive establishing, or intelligent design equal time.

There are many, many problems with the "equal time" idea, in addition to the established fact that intelligent design is based on a Idea that can not be tested or monitored and therefore is not really science. Since the room in Smithsonian Intimate Guide to Human Origins shows, the entire concept of evolution somehow flawed or disproved by the existence a "missing link" from the naive idea that evolution teaches that man descended from "monkeys" is an incorrect understanding. Other problems, such as "equal time" statute could place.

Could science teachers if the Creation - Most were taught about the origins of the life of an evolutionary basis? Would they really give it a fair shot or equal time? Would the school to teach ministers involved? I am a minister, and I do not believe in ID. I do accept, however, Development of science. I know many ministers accept the concept of natural selection. If we find conservative Christian ministers to teach the concepts of ID and if so, would not mixing religion and government in the most brazen manner? Would we have special schools to train teachers to teach ID and then they travel and teach the "theory" of ID in public schools? Judge Jones, conservative Christian although he may be, has already stated that Intelligent Design is religiously motivated, Agenda, and is not science.

It seems to me as both an education professor and a minister that science class is about science. I do not want public schools to take over the religious upbringing of my children (well , Now grandchildren, I guess). I want schools to teach science and churches and parents to teach religion. No, it should not be equal time for "creation science" in public school biology class.

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From the Forest to Your Desk - How is Paper Made?

A now common practice, the process of paper-making was a revolutionary Chinese invention dating to around 105 AD and, finally, the dissemination of the world. Although high technological equipment is now in paper production, the underlying process to take serious similarity to the primitive Chinese paper-making technique.

Papermaking, as you probably know, starts with trees. Often, forests are grown specifically for the purpose of the paper-making, and seedlings are replaced after trees are harvested. Large trees are usually made of wood, with the rest of wood cut into small chips and paper production. The cellulose fibers from wood which are the basic raw material used to paper.

Excess wood from the forest industry accounts for only a portion of the fiber in paper production. Even as raw materials are paper and roundwood. Since the existing paper consists of the cellulose fibers in the plant originally used to it, paper is often mixed with new wood to create a mixture of new and recycled fibres for paper production. Roundwood is a term for wood from trees in full, albeit mostly smaller trees that can not be used for lumber will be fully incorporated into papermaking.

The mixture of wood chips and in many cases, paper must be broken down into individual fibers before they can be compacted and dried on paper. During the process of pulp production, cellulose fibers are separated as the chemical holding them together, called lignin, is removed in a digester. The method for pulp-paper depends on the nature and strength of the paper. There are several methods of pulp production, with two ordinary against mechanical and chemical pulp manufacturing pulp production. Mechanical pulp production, in which wooden floor to separate the fibers of appropriate pressure properties, but weaker results in the paper. Chemical pulp production, with the dissolution of lignin with a mixture of heat, pressure and chemicals that are more results on paper, is less likely to tumble. Some applications require the use of a combination of the two methods will be discussed. Pulp is purified and refined, bleached and, if necessary, and dyes and other additives are mixed to the paper the desired properties in this phase.

Once the pulp production process, water is added and the slushy material is pumped to a moving wire Screen. On the screen, fibers are interlaced as the pulp is dried and pressed by rolling until all water has been removed. The large sheet of paper through this process are large wound in roles and in different Graen to create products.

Paper paper produced for a variety of applications, and the paper manufacturing process includes several techniques to the desired characteristics in the final product. Paper is carefully evaluated for uniformity of surface and color and how it takes ink. Although specific equipment and techniques inevitably vary throughout the industry, the underlying process of drying pulp documents on a screen has flourished since their invention almost 2000 years ago.

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Tiwanaku Alien and Evolution

It been mentioned in biology, a blog that archaeological Etchings from the Tiwanaku civilization in Bolivia are probably not the presentation of an ancient astronaut of the reason that even with an aquatic tail, the creature still looks too much like a man. The underlying argument was that the evolution of living beings is so diverse that it is highly unlikely that a foreigner would come even from a distance look like us. In essence, this is the opposite side of the pendulum to Hollywood's consistent imaging of foreigners as humanoids.

The biologist ignores the decorative and symbolic pictures by the Tiwanaku artists and not as the premise given an aquatic alien inside helmeted space suit. I must assume, therefore, the biologist noted that the creature had two arms and two eyes, and because people have two arms and two eyes, the biologist concluded that this is not possible, a alien.

What intelligent extraterrestrials? Or, to phrase other words, what should we expect interstellar travellers who come here? This is not a complete unknown. If the aliens are capable of interstellar travel, they apparently reached higher technology. What is needed to technology? My opinion is that technology to achieve a life form would have a complex brain and the ability to see and manipulate objects. This means, eyes, Fingered appendage, and perhaps a relatively large head in comparison to the whole body Grae. The Tiwanaku alien has all these features.

The biologist could counter that the problem is not that alien eyes, but the number of eyes. Here on Earth, higher animal forms developed with two eyes. For example, mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, insects and all have two eyes, but on another planet, the number of eyes would be different. There, perhaps the life forms would have a coincidence, three, four or even ten eyes. Is this true? If the number of eyes a random event in the evolutionary process?

Astronomers the search for extraterrestrial intelligence are looking for planets similar to Earth in terms of temperature and chemical composition, because they know, developed the life here, it is logical to assume that life could evolve on other planets similar . Even with similar planetary history, we can expect that the evolutionary process on the other planets to progress to similar progress here.

Question: Was the evolution of the animal world with two eyes on the ground a random event, so much so that we expect extraterrestrial life have a different number of eyes? I do not think so. Why? It is called natural selection or the survival of the fittest. Two eyes are the minimum necessary to give depth perception and concentrated focus. Maybe early on Earth, there were animals with five or ten eyes, but with too small a brain should orient five directions, as soon became extinct species. Only two eyes survived. Should we expect something radically different on another Earth-like planets? No. It is reasonable to expect that intelligent aliens have two eyes, just like humans.

It is also reasonable for alien life forms possible due to the diversity of life forms we see on Earth, past and present. The Tiwanaku alien has similar properties to a fish (fish mouth that seems to be breathing in a water-filled helmet), functions similar to a Hummer (sea creature with two front appendages to manipulate objects) and similar characteristics to humans (large Fingered head and upper appendage). Only four fingers are shown in the drawings Tiwanaku, compared to our five, but it falls slightly in evolutionary feasibility. The Alien's three-pod aquatic tail is also a vorstellbares evolutionary development.

I think the biologist for the recognition of the potentially enormous diversity of life forms in the universe is admirable. For those living creatures that higher technology to develop, it is more likely, not unlikely that they have something in common with humans.

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Solar System

The solar system consists of the sun, the next star to us, and the planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto as well as numerous comets, asteroids, meteoroids and interplanetary medium. The nine planets, together with their satellites circling around the sun in certain orbits. The planets and satellites as members of the solar system family or the solar system system.

It believed that the sun, the heart of the solar system was born five billion years, emitting heat and light non-stop, and it is expected to do for the next five billion years. The sun is the richest collection of electromagnetic energy, in the form of heat and light. The Sun contains 99.85 percent of all matter in the solar system. The planets, condensed from the same disk of material that formed the sun, only 0135 per cent of the mass of the solar system system.

The four inner planets - Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars - are called terrestrial planets. They all have compact, rocky ground as the Earth. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are known as the Jovian (Jupiter-like) because of their giant planets sizes.

By volume, almost all the solar system seems to be an empty void. However, this "vacuum of space, comprises the interplanetary medium with different forms of energy, dust and gas. The flow of gas and charged particles called plasma, mainly protons and electrons, is known as the solar wind. His speed is about 250 miles (400 km) per second near the earth orbit.

The entire solar system, along with the stars visible on a clear night, encircled the centre of our galaxy called home to the Milky Way, which is a spiral of hard of 200 billion stars.

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Gravity Theory - The Missing Link?

Do you know that all the hi-tech available, we do not yet have a scientific proof of the gravity is what all about?

Could both Einstein and Newton got it wrong midway through the force of gravity, and we stuck with their theories, because academic institutions had nothing else to offer?

I consider myself as a further Faraday.

It was in 1990 when I first came round to write the definition of my theory on gravity.

Since then, my study focuses on the display of the National Geographic and Discovery TV channels simultaneously challenging my own theory as the year went by. In the meantime, I continued my research work, including several experiments, it drives me a step forward each time.

Achieving levitation and use of gravity are the central questions in my head. But I can no longer tease and remain a one-man band.

I the need for share.

So, here's my theory (soon), in the hope to win as many bees as possible.

Let 's start with the earth "s core.

This creates a huge electromagnetic field, where, as we all know, produces the North and South Poles. The electromagnetic field also produces electric fields and electric charges in turn form the electrical forces.

This, is the What gravity is all about: electrically charged forces - ECF

Now, let us assume that the earth is like a gigantic ball condenser. The earth is the core of its nuclear generator keeps our planet (huge condenser) charged. Earth's crust consists of three layers: an outer layer, is charged (+) positive, with a jacket (middle), serves as a dielectric layer and an inner charged (-) negative.

It is a fact that positive and negative charges attract others. Newton's apple moved in the direction of the internal (-) negative layer and not at the center of the earth as it is universally us.

Looking in this perspective it was not only the inner layer envisaged that the apple, but the attraction of two bodies The inner layer and the apple as part of the outer layer - in other words, the attraction of two opposite ECF.

So, one can conclude that the force of gravity as we know it does not exist, because, according to conventional science, gravity always attracts - never has, and it is particularly in connection with the forces towards the centre of the planet. I think this is the misleading part, the gravitational phenomenon.

My a close, that the earth crust of the outer layer is moved in the direction of the inner layer of crust and vice versa, while the ECF can now as an attraction or rejection.

This could be the key to open new horizons, and for scientists to rethink gravity. It is also the potential for a "levitation" and "Perpetuum Mobile" .

Travel in space without the scientific evidence, what gravity really is like a fish to swim in dry land.

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An Explanation of the Resolving Power of Telescopes

Magnification a telescope is easy to understand. The higher the power, the closer we get the look at the pictures in the night sky (depending graer they look). Resolution is another important component of telescopes and it is very easy to understand when you think of as television. Older TVs have a certain number of lines of resolution and the new high-definition sets have many more lines of resolution, you will get a sharper and more detailed images. The same is true for telescopes, the higher the resolution of several lines of information we get, the better, so the picture. And this resolution has nothing to do with Vergraerung. If you closer to your TV does the image sharper? No. It is only graer. The resolution remains the same.

factors, the impact on resolution

The wavelength of light to observe is a factor in the resolution. The higher the wavelength of light waves the more a telescope looks like the more information it gets, the better the resolution. A second factor is the Grae goal of the telescope. The graer the lens or mirror more wavelengths will collect. And more wavelengths mean better resolution.

formula for the resolution

This relationship between the wavelength of light and the diameter of the telescope objective we have, together with a constant, a formula for calculating the resolution in arc seconds. Divide the diameter of the telescope objective by the wavelength of light to observe, then multiply by 252,000 (that's our constant). This gives you the resolution in arc seconds. (Resolution = 252000 X (wavelength) /(diameter)). You can see that the telescope ever graer the smaller the resolution is in arc seconds. And the smaller the resolution in arc seconds, the better. It's like smaller lines on your High Definition Television. Smaller lines means more lines per inch or centimeter and a fruit and vegetable tray, sharper image.

other factors Telescope resolution

Atmospheric conditions are an important factor in the resolution. A turbulent, thick, or unsteady atmosphere distorted the wavelengths come into the telescope and the quality of light and information. This is the solution power.

The quality of the telescope is another factor. High-quality areas with good optics is really good collection of information and give you good resolution. Poor quality of the optics, the image is distorted and enter a lower resolution.

Resolution, while the less well known than the Vergraerung is much more important. It is the factor that determines the quality and sharpness of what you see through the telescope, and it is also the reason why graeren telescopes are better than smaller ones.

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Extrasolar Planet Finder

Okay now, which is an extrasolar planet? Or just an exoplanet? An exoplanet is a planet that is beyond our solar system orbiting syatem some other sunlike or not sunlike star (s). 1st Exoplanet discovery in the early 1990's. Since the beginning of the search for an exoplanet outside our solar system, scientists have discovered guessingly 30 exoplanets of 1990, the beginning of the new millennium alias 2000.

From beginning of the year 2000 to now more than 200 exoplanets were discovered and confirmed. The number will continue to rise, from day to day, and we will also discover that another exoplanet has all the right things to support them. From June 2008 about 294 exoplanets. We strongly advise that it is about ten times the amount of exoplanets stars out there then examination, we noticed that many stars have definitely many exoplanets in their solar system. I am willing to bet that a 5-star times as large as our sun could be about 35 exoplanets orbiting them, perhaps one thousand satellites, now, close in our Milky Way, we estimate Theres a few hundreds of billions of stars .. .... half or more of these stars are very capable of orbiting planets and moons. So the question is "life means exist beyond the Earth"? Most certainly not only good YET.

Fact, there are more than a hundred billion sunlike stars in our Milky Way galaxy, normal Grae, how many galaxies? Add a hundred billion more just something on the exact area ... Well, how many exoplanets your opinion, could be orbiting out there? I am pretty sure that the number does not exist, unless you are a super math geek knows that certain amounts that have jatrizzillions? lolerz. Such is life out there on a remote exoplanet in another galaxy? Probably. Will we ever discover in this time of our life? Not sure. Will we discover that some exoplanet has the ingredients that could support extraterrestrial life in our Milky Way? With our latest technology in our lives we will ... but communication with them is another fairy tale ...... ... for now can only keep our eyes open for any new exoplanets.

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Electromagnetic Energy in Meteorites - Theory

I have some friends, the Meteor grate private collection on earth. He and his son 14 years old and a candidate for this idea, now in talks, said they all catalogued Meteor findings and found that each U.S. state has 500 (there is a lexicon of such no doubt?) Or so findings and confirmed by tests such as cross-cut section, material grain patterns, density not found on Earth, etc, etc. So in California to 300 meteors have been catalogued, but there is a huge state, promotionally should be more like 1500 or more. But those cataloged in California were very precise in their description of the states findings.

In NM, AZ, CA, UT, ID, NV, there are many dry lake beds. The government owns more than 60% of NM, UT, and NV. We can find these places, because people do not have the meteorite yet. We have about 28 meteorites, we have confirmed as coming from Mars. Now then in the search for the Space Shuttle parts and debris have been combed in connection of computer rendering best guess scenarios of debris falling trajectory. With this idea tracking. Each Meteor has found a point of impact, two or more can give you direction, plus we know which way the earth revolves stay in this dimension in 17-18K MPH. So his thought is that the dry lake beds of CA, NV, UT are the best places to look, but how do you find them? Magnetic blankets? Yes, that is good, but the low level of electromagnetic energy would require approximately 3-4 cm from the rocks, before it is discovered, would have a visual anyway.

Here is my idea. Okay, electro-magnetic energy is a different color spectrometer reading on a meteor and each has its own electromagnetic taken out, so cool hmmm? So if someone has a large meteor and buys it for $ 40 USD, they cut it into pieces and sell on eBay. But everyone must Meteor for advice because they have a frequency electromagnetic signature, just like any Aurora has different design or color? Theory.

Now we need to collect all these meteors and study it, especially since your nano-electro-magnetic idea perhaps a way to harvest energy, much of it from a small source. We lack in our database of human knowledge, we believe that approximately 95% of the light waves we know, this is the secrets we must conquer to see on the other side of what we do not know, and open up the world more dimensions, if you think that in terms of space-time and theories. I bet we can electro-magnetic waves to communicate long distances, by a meteor into two halves separated by a distance, turning in various lighting tests and to see how they interact with the other half. Same metal, same structure, same electro magnetic signature (theory) .

sending light, which can not be seen by the naked eye or the frequency of electromagnetic energy. Well then the ceiling to find meteors idea is interesting, but there are other ways can be found. For example, U.S. Marines walking shoulder to shoulder for the entire dry bed shortage. Or meteors are much darker rocks, then use the dark shadow of an Apache helicopter scanning develop and turn the shades darker red. Then test for the electro magnetic signature through the introduction of energy, said metal rock.

Then we have all the rubble out of space has taken to the earth. Go to the dark side of the moon and collect all, we find it too. We know where to look for the rocks since the dry lake beds May, devoid of water for about 10,000 and not through the vegetation. Even if we find out how to test for these frequencies, we will open an entirely new science and we have to solve the problem anti-matter, energy, multi-dimensional problem and instant communication situation, perhaps the time and our problems ridiculous system of mathematics Keep us trapped in the linear time 4 dimensional. We should things.

Also this study we can find out whether there are more rocks on Earth, Mars and other planets to determine the material make-up of the planets and types of gases prevailing during the period in which the special stone from the Planet.

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Astronomy - Where to Start Exploring the Stars

This article is for anyone, that will begin, stars, but do not know how or where to begin. If you read this, you will realize it is very easy and most important, it's cheap and you can do it without money. You will learn, the first step towards this exciting adventure.

So now that you know it will not cost you money, you have to do in a position to explore the universe around our home planet? Not much, but it is very well have an asterisk in the hand. They are found in books that show you star charts or something on the Zodiac. In addition, they are in different formats. From those very simple with a few stars and links between them to others who look like wheels. You can always Planaterium or the Observatory. The cheaper the better, as you need a onlu show you the brightest stars. The rest you can never yourself.

A tip is to buy your child a cheap telescope or parents can buy a cheap telescope. The reason for this is that it is much too heavy for a beginner to find a star actually looking through a cheap scope. If you manage to find the Earth is turning it from the eyes so fast that you have to start looking for it from the ground up. This will frustrate before you and the night of the telescope is back in his second box.

My tip is a far cheaper option, but one that brings many nights of Star Gazing. Lend, borrow or buy a normal 10x50 binoculars. That is, as you probably have a home already. With this you can whole constellations, star clusters, the moon and the planets. Things you can see, if you know where to find Jupiter, the four graten moons.

Luck is on your side, like almost every school, but every city has a library. This is your best source for free literature on the stars, the universe and the solar system. Many of them have star charts, and it does not matter how old the book, the map will always be correct. These are combinations of constellations. Constellations you to see how they are represented mostly spots, stars and connecting the spots. Try Orion or the Southern Cross or Scorpio, so you get an idea of how they appear on the paper and then go outside and see if you can find them in the sky. The Southern Cross is located in the south and Orion can be found just about moving from east to west over the head, as the night progresses. Also, remember that it is sometimes not visible, if one of them. Then later or in the early morning.

Do you need to read much, I hear you ask? Not really, but the moment when you start to the stars, you want to know more about them, where they come from and where they are likely to go. This can be done in books written for children, as this gives you the most basic information.

To summarize, you need at least a star chart and at least one eye, and you are on the verge of discovering the universe. Only then do you need binoculars and if you know enough about the stars and how and why they move, you can invest in a decent telescope.

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How Science and Occult Science Work

the inductive method of Science

Science, the Aristotelian, inductive method to switch from the particular to the general, rather like the assembly of individual pieces of a puzzle: discreet observation data are collected and gradually incorporated into a general picture, with the latter present a mental model of the physical effects observed. The spirit is mainly mental, in a linear mode. The instruments of investigation are limited to, and due to the five physical senses and their extensions, such as telescopes and microscopes, etc. The result is an accurate description of the symptoms, behaviour and physical mechanisms of the natural universe in its diverse manifestations. The predominant paradigm of scientific materialism has many unsupported and unfounded assumptions. Physical or mathematical modelling are central features of the scientific method of investigation. This means that science itself is not about truth or knowledge, per se rather an interpretation of the physical world.

the deductive approach of the occult science

By contrast, Occult science works in the tradition of the Platonic Transition from general to the particular ring Pass-Not (ie limit the boundaries of the evolutionary growth) each system world: the general picture is first realized in his care, and the way they presented themselves as special effects in detail then. The spirit is basically "lateral thinking" and intuitively, to an all-inclusive mode. The instruments of investigation are not only the physical sense. The result is a profound insight into the origins, nature and manifestations of nature in its true self.

Confluence between science and occultism Science

the reason why many scientists are also Embracing mysticism

These day we find more and more scientists turning in the direction of mysticism as a complement to the rational scientific method. A review of the world-wide list of members of the Scientific and Medical Network this fact. In addition, teachers and students at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology have an alchemical society and regular study The Secret. During the term of office Millikan at Cal Tech, a copy of the secret doctrine that the library was so much in demand that, to a name on a long waiting list. This work is also discussed in regelmaigen intervals at the Harvard Club in New York by several chemistry teachers, including MIT professors.

Why then, as a resurgence of interest in the occult mysticism and science? We already stated that the investigation had something of the scientific method, we can describe his appearance, behavior and properties of standing apart from (the discoveries of quantum physics notwithstanding). But the occult approach to understand his inner nature, we have literally to the very thing we want to study or at least participate in it. This is the reason why the occult system still operates from within, without, and prefers to study nature through participation with their processes, rather than their outward behaviour.

It hearing is due to such insights, the interior Blavatsky was able to make prophetic comments in The Secret doctrine about future developments in science, for example:

The movement of the wave-particle live, is understandable in the theory of a spiritual life, a vital principle of universal, regardless of our cause, and as manifested atomic energy only in our plane of consciousness.

The above statement shows foresight about three facts that are now widely accepted by science, namely: (a) of the nuclear energy, (b) the wave-like nature of particles and particle-like nature of the And waves (c) the vitality and "awareness" of the particles. Blavatsky was in all probability be the first person to use the terms "nuclear energy" and the "movement of the wave-particle live ', that science has discovered for itself with its own methods of investigation.

In the field of life sciences, found we portentous similar statements such as:

It is not against the zoological and anthropological discoveries, based on the fossils of humans and animals that each and mystic believers in a divine soul internally revolt, but only against the uncalled - preconceived conclusions on theories and made with certain prejudices.

Driven inexorably by the pressure of their own discoveries, and increasingly at odds theories to account for them, scientists are slowly awakening to the truth of the allegation Blavatsky ' This will soon see apparent.

Hence in the light of the foregoing it is not surprising that the graten scientists, past and present, have the borders of the process of scientific investigation and felt the need for more intuitive approaches.

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How Telescopes Work and the Different Types of Telescopes

A telescope can help us in view of distant objects of infinite space out there in our universe. Hubble telescope is such a huge telescope gives us a look at different parts of the universe apart from ours. Telescopes are essentially the reflecting and refracting types and Vergraerung make distant objects noticeable.

Astronomy as a hobby, as the delightful discovery of the unknown always confuse men. The collection of stars in our huge space is enough to expect a child and how telescopes work is on the path of a fantasy knowledge seekers. Binocular is a good way to arouse the curiosity of a child, one day, the next Galileo.

If you graduate away from the binoculars, the factors to look into buying a telescope are costs, maintenance, storage and portability. To try to achieve a balance between prices and the best telescope outside to get in line with the most. Life in rural areas, the infinite vastness of the sky, but the cost of living in urban areas can fiddle with their telescope to ensure maximum visibility. As well as a portable telescope can safely in a car to travel to a place better to use your telescope, but make sure you know how to assemble in the dark.

Store and cover the telescope in a place free of moisture and Ordnungsgemae dust and storage and maintenance will extend the life of the telescope. Additional accessories for the eyepiece immediate and assembly are also essential in order to allow your page, select one that you are on simple with.

Eyepieces come in various designs and lenses for our viewing pleasure, so that no more than two to three pieces. Get the right, and it becomes your hobby. Mount takes the weight of the telescope, while you concentrate. The two different types of mount points are the old-azimuth and the equatorial. Choose wisely to get more joy to astronomy.

Learning how telescopes work and understanding of the different types of telescopes not only fascinating addition to the astronomy only explore the mystery of the vast universe. Telescopes to third eye and vergraern apart from the mysterious unidentified expand our knowledge. The mysterious universe will open up if we can see and discover, and telescopes available to the unit to meet our eternal search for answers to decipher the large and infinitely universe.

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Hardest Mineral

What a glittering diamonds and a pencil lead have in common? Diamonds are very hard and the graphite of pencil's tip is very soft. These two different substances, a wonderful proof of creation called carbon.A rough, raw diamond is the hardest of all minerals. For this reason, a crystal diamond is used to cut and drill all types of material and is also known as abrasive to smooth surfaces.

Hardness is the resistance to a mineral scratches from outside forces, it is easy to see through these minerals inherited . By scratching a mineral with another, their relative hardness can be determined. Diamond has an extremely low thermal expansion, is chemically inert in relation to most acids and alkalis, is transparent from the far-infrared by the deep UV, and is one of the few materials with a negative work function (electron affinity).

One consequence of the negative electron affinity is that diamonds repel water, but readily accept hydrocarbons such as wax or grease. Diamonds do not conduct electricity well, although some are semiconductors. Diamond can burn when under the influence of high temperature in the presence of oxygen. Diamond has a high specific gravity, it is surprising given the low density atomic mass of carbon. The brilliance and fire of a diamond because of their high-proliferation and high refractive index. Diamond has the highest degree of reflection and refractive index of a transparent material. Diamond gems are generally clear or light blue, but colored diamonds, the so-called 'fancies', in all the colors of the rainbow.

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Fun Science Projects

We have a number of examples of Science Fair Projects. In this short simple basic scientific projects, we will see some of the most interesting things that happen because of the density of liquids. The density of the object and has to do with how densely packed the object. Two objects can weigh the same, but smaller than the other, the smaller is a densely packed and is therefore more dense than the other object. These experiments are meant that learning fun and are also very suitable for homeschoolers.

The floating egg experiment

What you need for this simple basic science project:

A container

water

An egg

Salt

A spoon

This is what you have to do for this simple experiment:

Fill the container with enough water to completely cover the egg.

the eggs gently in the water.

What happens to the egg?

note what happens.

start with salt to the water and stir it very carefully, so as not to break the egg.

Keep on adding salt until the egg begins to float.

You need a lot of salt, about 4 tablespoons of salt per fully 1 � cup of water to float the egg.

Now add water to your solution to the egg to fall again.

density Keeping in mind, and try to explain what is happened.

If carefully worked and the experiment has the right way, your egg began rising because it was less dense than water when the salt added. If you have additional water, the water was again less dense than the egg and the egg began sinking again.

This is an example of our easy elementary science projects, one of many examples, we have the science fair projects.

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How to Make a Telescope - Tips and Guidelines For Beginners

Making a telescope is a very worthwhile experience because it crosses several areas of experience. The first reward for you is something fun to do. And the second reward is the sheer joy with which you explore the universe. And you can also obtain the additional benefits of saving some money and learning about telescopes and buildings things.

The simplest telescope you can

There are many different ways you and the absolute easiest way to make one, of only two lenses. A major objective lens called for a smaller and a second lens gives a eyepiece. They hold a lens near the eye lens and another in arms length. They fit the difference between the two, using your arm in the direction you. A point will be reached where everything comes into focus. It is as simple as that you have a telescope. Now you can get it much better by creating a tube around. Get two with cardboard tubes, which slide in and out the other. You mount a lens at the end of the tube and another lens on the other end of the tube. Insert a cane in the other and then push them in and out to focus.

You can get very cheap lenses from a variety of surplus and online shops and they are in general only costs a few dollars. I commend you for your primary lens of a convex lens at least 50 millimeters in diameter and a focal length of 200 to 300 millimeters. For the secondary lens I recommend you a convex lens, the 10 to 25 millimeters wide with a focal length of less than 75 millimeters.

There are several things you can do to this telescope even better. First of all, you could have a hose from something more durable than cardboard tubes. Secondly, this type of telescope images will invert it seems everything upside down, which is fine for viewing the sky, but is very unfavourable for the display things on the earth. You can solve this problem by using a concave lens for the eyepiece, rather than a convex lens.

You can purchase the lenses individually surplus of online shops and there are several kits available to you all the necessary materials to this type of telescope . In addition, they are in bulk units for the teaching and group. A kit like this rule, you receive all necessary materials to ten or more telescopes.

getting a little more with your telescope

If you want a bit more of a challenge, you should check any kind of reflector Telescope. Instead of a major objective lens, since the light collector of this type used a mirror. A reflector can be very sparingly by huge price versus performance. Spiegel cost significantly less than the lenses for the same amount of money can make a lot graere and much more powerful telescope.

If you have a bit of woodworking machines or metal working skills and you want to tackle a project that is well under the Ways a hobby, you may want to consider making a Dobsonian telescope. A Dobsonian telescope uses a parabolic mirror to collect light and most clients buy Dobson, the mirror, then build the bracket for the mirror to go in. The basic concept for this type of telescope is that it is easy to build and easy to use. It is pretty much a rotating basis with a telescopic pipe mounted. And this type of instrument has become very popular because it is really easy to use and easy to build. Graten And one of the advantages is that, because it is so inexpensive to build, more money can be spent in graeren mirrors, which they very remarkable in terms of their ability to see things in the night sky. If you consider this kind of scope, you should perhaps first that has a mirror six to eight inches in diameter.

Whether you build a refractor or make a reflector telescope is a very worthwhile exercise and is something that can be used for a lifetime . And once you start you may find that you caught the fever and is always on the lookout for building graer and better. For some people, to them is half of the fun.

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What is Scientific Inquiry?

Scientific investigation requires students to use higher thinking skills, as they learn science with a hands-on "heads in approach. Foundation committee of inquiry has its roots in John Dewey's book Democracy in Education (1916). In this book he describes how true learning begins with the curiosity of learners.

Defining Scientific Inquiry

His research found that students curiosity and commitment real science investigations move students from passive learners to active learners. This shows if students:

• questions during an investigation
• their own investigations
• investigations with their design
• formulate statements of results
• present their results
• reflect their results

Scientific investigation leads to a fundamental change in science education, moving them away from the traditional teaching -- Practices of the lecture and demonstration to a cooperative relationship between teachers and pupils. In this collaborative environment, students take risks, without fear of ridicule and start to think about science. Teachers are by their caregivers student's question:

• modelling and immersing their students in scientific investigation
• ask the Central provoke thought and reflection
• allow student creativity in experimental design
• allow students to discover experiments can be successful, not to answer the original question investigated

Initial confusion by students of the analysis of experimental findings is not necessarily bad, because they are equipped with critical thinking. Confusion is good in this setting because it shows students are trying to determine why they are not the typical canned answer. A hypothesis can actually support a non-declaration as a result of the experiment.

Too students often canned investigate laboratories, which result in a guided hypothesis that can only lead to support. This leads them to feel when their experience does not support their hypothesis failed. You have not failed, but they do not know them in the traditional science teaching.

scientific investigation Closes Asking Questions

Student success of the design experiments based on asking the right questions. You need to develop that does not lead to a yes /no or true /false answers, because the best questions are open and inquiry-based. As a student analyze evidence to explain findings, open-ended questions provide answers that they need to formulate meaningful explanations.

Answering questions in a student dormitory's own words is important for higher thinking and knowledge. A student's own words open degree of understanding and misunderstandings show based on knowledge and experiences.

implications of the use Scientific Inquiry

When students make personal connections with the use of scientific investigation, the internalization of new knowledge. The most important attributes of scientific inquiry-based teaching and learning of students:

• learning how to research
• learn to ask questions
• internalise new knowledge
• realization results depend on experimental design
• increase their level of understanding of science
• learning to investigate how scientists

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Science Fair Projects? -- "Discover the Secret..."

Is me or have Science Fair Projects harder and harder every year? They are allegedly cool science fair projects, but the problem is a large part of the work will rely on us - Moms-Dads! If I had not discovered the secret to a winning science FAIR project, I would not stand a chance ...

If your all, as I was, you have a hard time looking for a cool science project.The Science Fair isn 't far off and the panic is the ultimate kick in. Believe me, I have it!

The clock is ticking and you do not even have a scientific projects yet, let alone deal with a. ..

Purpose

hypothesis

Supplies

procedures

data

results

Conclusion

Research

So What it's like I can almost immediately create winning science fair projects, without stress, without the work and have fun in the process?

Me and my kids love it when the Science Fair Comes Around! We can not wait to use our secret again and again ...

Thats beauty. This secrecy will never die, it will never go away. I have my youngest is still to discover the fun of science fair, and I can with him the secret too!

It is so fast and easy! All the boring bits are out of the way, so you with nothing more than a really great time!

So what is the secret and how parents can help us use it to remove the work, stress and panic, while a lot of fun with our children?

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Tithi - Astro Insight

According to the Indian Calendar A tithi is a lunar date, and is one of the five key aspects of an Indian almanac (Panchang - Panch means five and these are the parts). Most of the Indian social and religious festivals are celebrated on the basis of the tithi. Until they left India and went overseas, the Indians do not really need to worry about tithi celebrate their festivals, as a tithi in India almost always falls on the same day for the entire region India.

Even after migration to overseas countries, the Indians live abroad would still celebrate their festivals in the same time as Indians in India. For those who would argue that behind this festival celebrations, it is the belief, that is more important than the date of the celebration, I am one hundred percent with them. However, the intention here is to provide information for those who want to understand how important it behind the tithi in the Indian festivals are based.

The calendar "date" that we are so familiar with in our daily lives is based on the solar calendar. The English calendar is a solar calendar. The basis for the solar calendar is the rotation of the earth around the sun. It takes the earth about 365 � days to its rotation around the sun. The English calendar that most of us use today, the 365 day period of the Earth's rotation around the sun in twelve months. The leap that occurs once every four years for � day per year.

Similar to the solar calendar lunar calendar is also very popular and widely used in Asian countries such as China, Pacific-rim countries, the countries of the Middle East, and India. The lunar calendar, which believes to have originated in India, there is already a very long time, long before the solar system calendar.

The lunar calendar is based on the rotation of the moon around the Earth. The lunar month is equivalent to a full rotation of the moon around the Earth. Since that time the rotation of the moon around the Earth varies, the duration of the lunar month also varies. On average, the lunar month has about 29 � days. Apart from the moon's rotation around the Earth, the lunar years based on the rotation of the earth around the sun. In general, the lunar year, twelve lunar months of a total of about 354 days so that the lunar years shorter by about 11 days as the solar year. However, the lunar calendar accounts for this difference by adding an extra lunar month about once every 2 � years. The extra lunar month is commonly known as the "Adhik Mas" in India (Adhik additional ways of Mas month). The concept of this extra month is similar to the "Blue Moon" in the West, which occurs almost around the same time with the same frequency of 2 � years.

The Indian lunar year begins with the new moon day, occurs near the beginning of the Spring Season . The twelve lunar months are:

Chaitra

Waishakh

Jeshta

Ashadh

Shrawan (Sawan)

Bhadrapad (Bhado)

Ashwin

Kartik

Margshirsh

Paush

Magha

Falgoon (Fagan)

As already mentioned, the difference between the sun and the lunar year extra lunar month occurs about every 2 � years as "Adhik Mas". [1]

According to the calendar of Muslims is widely followed in the Middle East and other Muslim countries, the lunar year is strictly on the basis of twelve lunar months of 354 days per year. That is the reason why their holy month of Ramadan occurs about 11 to 12 days earlier than in previous year.

The solar day (commonly known as the "date" in the Western calendar) has a fixed length of 24 hours. The change of date made by midnight local time or standard time by a particular local time zone. Thus, the date changes from midnight to midnight. The same is true for the day (as in days of the week) changes from midnight until after midnight local or standard time for this place. In other words, to the west (or English) calendar of the length of day and date is exactly 24 hours, and there is a clear correspondence between the date and the corresponding day of the lunar week.

A day begins at sunrise, and the length of the lunar day is determined by the elapsed time between successive sunrises. As per their Jewish lunar calendar day begins in the sunset, and lasts until the next sunset. A lunar landscape day is essentially the same as a weekday. In India, the lunar day is commonly referred to as "war". Just as English calendar has seven days a week, Indian calendar has seven wars for a week. So

English calendar weekdays Indian calendar weekdays

Sunday Rawiwar

Monday Somwar (Chandrawar)

Tuesday Mangalwar

Wednesday Budhwar

Thursday Guruwar

Friday Shukrawar

Saturday Shaniwar

The lunar date, however, varies from about 22 to 26 hours on the basis of the angular rotation of the moon around the Earth in its elliptical orbit. In the Indian calendar, the lunar date is referred to as "tithi". The basis for the length of a lunar landscape Date, the angular distance between the sun and the moon seen from Earth. As the moon revolves around the Earth, the angular distance between the sun and the moon seen from the earth rises from 0 degrees to 360 degrees. It takes a lunar month, or about 29 � days for the solar angular distance between the sun and the moon change from 0 to 360 degrees. If the angular distance reaches zero, the next lunar month begins. Thus, at the new moon a lunar month begins at full moon, the angular distance between the sun and the moon seen from Earth is exactly 180 degrees.

The lunar cycle begins with half-moon, and the crescent moon phase lasts until it culminates in the full moon , Typically lasting for about 15 days. Then enters the moon in the declining phase, until it disappears from the sky by lining with the sun. The waning phase takes about 15 days. According to the Indian lunar month, The Crescent Moon week means "Shudha or Shukla Paksha" and the waning phase of the lunar cycle weeks as "Wadya or Krushna Paksha". Thus, during Shudha (or Shukla) Paksha the angular distance between the moon and the sun varies from 0 degrees to 180 degrees, while during the Wadya (or Krushna) Paksha 180 to 0 degrees. If we divide 180 degrees in 15 equal parts, then every part of 12 degrees in longitude. This makes each of these twelve-degree angle of distance between the moon and the sun is shining, because they come from the lunar soil is the date or tithi. Tithis or lunar dates in Shudha (or Shukla) Paksha begin with Prat Hama (first), Dwitiya (second), and so on until we achieve Poornima, the lunar date for the full-moon day. Also for the waning weeks lunar cycle or Wadya (or Krushna) Paksha, tithis start again with Prat Hama (first), Dwitiya (second), etc., until we arrive Amavasya or the day before the new moon. So, if we are on Ramnavami (the birthday of Rama), it's the Navami (ninth lunar day) of Shudha Paksha of the lunar month Chaitra or Chaitra Shudha Navami. The Gokulashtmi (also known as Janmashtami, the birthday of Krisha) enters into Shrawan Wadya Ashtami (eighth day of the lunar Wadya Paksha of the lunar month Shrawan) .

The angular velocity of the moon in its elliptical orbit around the Earth varies constantly, as he is concerned ( according to Kepler's rule) on the relative distance between the Earth and the moon, and also from the Earth, the relative distance from the sun. As a result of the daily angular velocity (the speed of the angle between the moon and the sun as seen from Earth), land somewhere between 10 to 14 degrees. Since the length of a tithi corresponds to 12 degrees such, the length of a tithi also varies. Therefore, a tithi can find out about one day (24 hours) or they can get skipped when two tithis occur in a day.

Since the angular distance between the moon and the sun, as here, is always relative to the entire earth, Lunar year starts tithi day or at the same time anywhere in the world, but not necessarily the same day. So if a certain tithi clock starts at 10:30 in India starts in New York at the same time, the clock is 12 (EST) on the same day. Since the length of a tithi can vary from 20 to 28 hours, their correspondents to war (a weekday) is too little confusing.

As per the Indian calendar, the tithi for a specific location on earth depends on the angular distance between the moon and the sun relative to Earth at the time of sunrise at this site. For example, assume on a November Monday the sunrise in New York City occurs in 8:30 (EST). Further assume that clock at 9 (EST) on Monday the same angular distance between the Sun and Moon is exactly 12 degrees just after the new moon of the Indian lunar month Kartik. Since the length of a tithi is 12 degrees, the tithi, Kartik Shudha Dwitiya (second day) starts exactly at 9 clock on Monday that the November in New York. But at the time of sunrise at this Monday the tithi Dwitiya not yet begun. Therefore, the tithi for this Monday for the city of New York is Kartik Shudha Prat Hama (first day) .

On the same Monday morning the sunrise in Los Angeles is well past 9 clock (EST). Since the tithi Dwitiya occurs anywhere in the world in the same moment, for Los Angeles, for the tithi Monday would Kartik Shudha Dwitiya.

For the same clock Monday at 9 (EST), it would be in Mumbai or 7:30 PM in New Delhi. So for this tithi Monday for the city of New York, Mumbai, New Delhi and is Kartik Shudha Prat Hama (the first day of the Indian lunar month Kartik), while the regions, such as west of Chicago and St. Louis, for the tithi Monday Dwitiya. In other words, the tithi Kartik Shudha Prat Hama for the regions west of Chicago or St. Louis occur should in the previous days, the Sunday.

Kartik Shudha Prat Hama (the first day of the Indian lunar month Kartik) also happens that the first day after Diwali. Most of the Indians celebrate this as their New Year's Day. The Indians live in India, Europe and the eastern part of the United States should celebrate their New Year on Monday that while regions west of Chicago should be included in the previous trading day, Sunday.
Adhik Mas occurs only when two amavasyas (no moon day) occur while Sun remains in the same sidereal zodiac sign. For more information about sidereal (or fixed) zodiac system relate to book, "Everything is on schedule", Shri Jagdish C. Mahe, Noble House, 1997

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Essential Lessons For Today From a 13th Century Friar

One the graten literary works and science of the ancient world, now rarely studied, was the Opus Majus. The astounding futuristic content of the Opus Majus was practically a modern tutorial, written in the 13th Century in a series of literary, scientific and philosophical issues. The writer was the eclectic, brilliant Franciscan monk, Roger Bacon.

Bacon was born to a wealthy English family in the 13th Century, at the University of Oxford at the age of 13 and soon began a career as a teacher in Britain's most famous university. He spoke about Aristotle and a wide range of philosophical and theological topics. He became a Franciscan monk late in life and a confidant of Pope Clement IV.

His study and observations on astrology, science, alchemy and medicine were advanced age, controversial and dangerous. It is generally believed that he had detained for his alleged heresies, while in Paris. His discovery of the "visible spectrum", while viewing a meeting glass of water before the discovery and observations of the same by Sir Isaac Newton of around four centuries.

During a long and varied life of the study, observation and experiment Roger Bacon was loved and Pilloried. His works were often under fire from Catholic theologians and thinkers competitive vying to surpass his growing reputation for modern, innovative ideas. Nevertheless, his writings, lectures and theorems have been widely studied and was under many of the pilings for advanced scientific and practical science, which in the future in a modern world.

If Roger Bacon has nothing else, the Opus Majus would have secured his legacy for all As innovative, exciting thinkers. The work is as a primer for the inquiring minds of searching for orientation in the vast galaxy of experimental science.

For many years have we read and hear that the United States is not producing enough scientists, mathematicians, engineers and technicians. We live in a technological age. This work skills are required of any economy, hoping to stay cutting, grow quickly and provide better living conditions for all. Certainly the United States requires abundant quantities of such skilled workers to maintain our economic edge.

And still, our education system is not producing technologically advanced graduates in a rate somewhere in the vicinity of our industrial requirements. Manager tech giants Microsoft, Dell, Hewlitt-Packard and Oracle complain loudly and publicly that they are paralyzed by the severe decline in the ability of our educational system to train engineers and sufficient to meet the demands of a technologically based economy. They must seek candidates for the payment of high tech jobs centered from India, China and Korea, all countries where mathematics and natural sciences are outstanding in their educational curriculum.

Roger Bacon was predictive value of the consequences of a lack of concentration on mathematics and natural sciences . The following is one of the most famous quotations from Opus Majus:

"Mathematics is the key to the gate and sciences. Neglect of mathematics works injuries to all knowledge, and he is ignorant, it can not know the sciences or other things of this world ".

Roger Bacon was a visionary 13rd Century, whose observations are the most prescient today. The United States has lost a generation of potential talent in the scientific field by softening the curriculum and minimizes the importance of chemistry, calculus, algebra, physics and trigonometry. Our security measures, both militarily and economically jeopardised by the lack of importance on these essential building blocks of knowledge.

Knowledge scientific disciplines of math is color-blind. The understanding of the sentence of Pythagoras is not politically correct or incorrect. It is the same in Zimbabwe as evidence in Sacramento, Athens or Beijing. Roger Bacon offers a wonderful reference to the history of truisms: He, not learn the mistakes of history is doomed to repeat the errors. Will we learn?

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UFOs and Evolution: is There a Connection?

Have you ever flying saucers in recent times? Many people believe they have. Even now, reports of mysterious sightings are circulating in the press and on the Internet forums.

The modern UFO boom began in June 1947, when a businessman named Kenneth Arnold reported that while piloting a private plane he had seen nine cup-shaped Objects flying over Mount Rainier in Washington. Later, years there were rumors about a flying saucer crash in Roswell, New Mexico. According to a popular but false conspiracy theory, U.S. Air Force received the corpse of a saucer pilot, but under the discovery.

The strained relations between East and West was the so-called "cold war had just begun and the political atmosphere was conductive to konspiratives rumours. The number of UFO observations on 850 to end 1947.

Later, such as the Mercury astronaut Gordon Cooper and former U.S. President Jimmy Carter have disclosed will see what a UFO.

So are UFOs? A UFO is an unidentified flying object. Most sightings have a natural explanation, like an aircraft landing, satellite or meteor. Some of them are hoaxes. But for the glowing UFO fans, some are real spaceships.

However alien, can not UFOs from other planets in our own solar system, as the scientists failed , you can find any evidence of life or the Little Green Men on Mars or Venus. The nearest star outside our solar system, Proxima Centauri, is 4.2 million light years from us. A spaceship to travel at the speed of light would thus 4 , 2 million years to us. Many researchers believe that the space between solar systems is impossible.

Moreover, while a number of rocky terrestrial planets exo-planets orbiting other stars or were discovered, they are either too large or too hot. It is very unlikely that UFOs hail of "super-Earth", as Gliese 581 c, that is hotter than Venus.

It seems that there are some religious elements in UFO sightings. For some, the belief in UFOs has replaced the belief in the biblical Christianity. Little Green Men, as a new age savior, will prevent people from Earth to destroy themselves and their planet.

According to Gary Bates, author of Alien Intrusion (2004), UFOs often have an evolutionary context. If the life on the earth by purely naturalistic means, it should also have focused on other planets. The SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence) project is an attempt to prove that we are not as special as we think.

Carl Sagan believed that the earth was only a tiny pale blue dot on the vast cosmos. But as Guillermo Gonzalez and Jay W. Richards write in the privileged planet, the Earth is anything but usual. Our planet looks as if it was designed for life. At best, we can only speculate about other worlds.

We could never evidence of the existence of little green men more for a simple reason: It can not be any.

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Do Planets Communicate with Living Organisms?

Do They feel a difference whether the moon, when fully? A lot of people, including myself, report that their sleep is different and also during the day they feel a shift in their mood that sometimes takes a few days.

The moon is responsible for the tides and therefore has a physical impact on the ground. But what about the other major planets 9?

Astrology based on the belief that time has quality. It is important to mention that astrology not say, the planets are the qualities or energy patterns. The planets are an indicator of these qualities, and if you are with these characteristics, you can see it manifest in your daily life.

Our world and our beliefs are still so much indoctrinated by the old paradigm that everything mechanical - including human nature. This old belief will soon be replaced by new beliefs and new concepts. Quantum physics is already such a large shift in our view, the word that soon the public will realize that our mechanical concept of the world needs to be replaced to facilitate the integration of new knowledge and experiments.

What we learn sooner or later, the information provided no time have to move from one place to another and therefore we can not even say that the information on travel. On one level quantum information could be a singularity, which means that everything is done in the same period everywhere.

Is Life has principles?

A study by a Swiss scientists about 50 years, the principles of life an end in itself. These principles are manifest in every living form as well as in any other material way.

The amazing result of his study shows the result of almost 10 principles, which are almost identical with the qualities of the planet. I would like to mention that this study does not in any way influenced by astrology facts.

Each planet is in connection with another energy patterns. The names vary slightly, as each astrologer interprets them differently. But overall, they represent the same energy patterns. The difference is simply caused by the language. When I mention the color red we all agree, but there are hundreds of variations.

What are these 10 qualities?

Moon - Feeling

Sun - Identity

Mercury - Thinking

Venus - Harmony

Mars - Energy

Jupiter -- Extension

Saturn - integration

Uranus - Transition

Neptune - Mystery

Pluto - Metamorphosis

a brief explanation of these qualities:

Feeling - our emotions and our senses. There are days, you can more sensitive to light or sound as others.

Sun - What we identify ourselves with our live force.

Mercury - Our ability to understand, logic, language, talking.

Venus - Harmony means to achieve an optimal, a balance.

Mars - Power, the power to initiate or do something.

Jupiter - Exploring new areas in your life, growing.

Saturn - learning something new about yourself.

Uranus - The shift of your job or your life purpose.

Neptune - quantum physics, beyond what you see and understand.

Pluto - transformation, if your way life.

The the names of these qualities are adapted and modified by Thomas Ring, one of the most popular German astrologers. He lived from 1892 to 1983 and Astrodienst Zurich has devoted a special website for him.

Also there are some other planets such as Chiron, but I would like to concentrate on the main 10 planets. And for all scientists I would add that of course the moon is a satellite and the sun is a star, but in terms of astrology, they are like planets well.

What can we do with these 10 energy Pattern?

We can create a chart from our birthday and visit our unique energy patterns in it. Go to a good astrologer and you will be amazed at how accurately your birth chart is available for your unique skills and talents.

Now here's the interesting part. As we know how the planets move, we can save the planet on a ephemerids. The ephemerids tells us where the position of a planet at a certain time. We combine these with our birth chart positions and what we get is a unique energy pattern for every day. We can even look up planetary data in the future and can therefore find energy patterns in future.

The combination of energy patterns in your birth chart with the energy patterns of daily planet called transits. These calculations were performed for thousands of years. But today we have a fast and inexpensive computers and calculations may be in a fraction of a second.

What you get from this calculation is a long list of relationships between the position of the planets in your birth chart and the position of the planets from a certain day.

The This calculation results can be shown as a graphic with two circles. The inner circle shows your birth chart and the outer circle of the table after a certain day. Between these two circles as you can see lines, as the representative of the Travel Site. For someone who understands this astrology chart is useful - for the rest of us, it is meaningless.

How it would be if we are a quality of our birth chart and combine it with the 10 qualities from a certain date? It would show the influences us all at once. For example, I see my energy (Mars) patterns and therefore may not affect my decisions. If my energy pattern shows growing (Jupiter) or shows, energy (Mars) and I know that this would be a good time for action and begin new projects.

If pay attention to your feelings and your daily qualities (transit), you can automatically adjust your work or life flow accordingly and you will find itself dealing with less resistance.

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