Who Discovered Mars - Facts About the Red Planet Mars

A burning question, which some of our readers recently been "discovered that Mars, the red planet. The ancient Egyptians marked the planet, "Har Deuche" (translated as "The Red One") and the Babylonians in 400 BC on the ground as "Nergal" (translated as "The Star Of Death"). After this time, the Greeks called them "Ares" (that means in today's conditions, "wandering stars"), and it was not pure, to the Romans, the modern reference to the planet, "Mars" was (according to the God of War).

The Red Planet Mars is the 4th Planet from the sun, just after the Earth and Uranus. Mars is the outer neighbor of the Earth and Mars has proved to be a good context for many films in recent years, with many, Mars as a source of exotic and sometimes deadly life. Mars is also recognized as the red planet on the iron-based dust, the planet is red. The Mars Pathfinder rover touched on the planet, on the 4th July 1997, with a mobile robot, which examined the immediate location.

Lately in 2001, Mars Odyssey, with an orbital shaker crafts science experiments, the extensive observations of Mars to better our knowledge on the planet and the atmosphere in the geological past, the significant data to assist scientists in their objectives, for more information about this strange planet. Recently it was reported that experts believe it is indeed water beneath the surface of Mars in the underground reserves, but in view of the surface temperature of -133 C to 27 C water deposits which are on the surface escape would not be identifiable for a long time.

Mars on its axis once every 24 hours and 37 minutes, that is, during the day is roughly equivalent to the Earth. The atmosphere is very thin and consists mainly of carbon dioxide, but dust storms can shroud the entire planet for months at a time. Also visible in recent photos, the planet Mars has huge canyons, sand banks, polar ice peaks and additional features similar to those on Earth.

The Red Planet is not a quick drive away, however, that some 228 million kilometers in distance from the sun, which is good because it is assumed that the surface conditions of severe and intense sunlight, the saturated surface is not capable of maintaining any form of human existence. In summary therefore, in response to your "Mars discovers how far, as we currently know (in the absence of the other" we's "in the world)" we "discovered ....

Autor: James Hewson James Hewson
Level: Platinum
James Hewson is a respected author specialising in variant forms of Sciences, Space Exporation, UFO's and general Paranormal subject matter. His website UK Area 51 ... ...

UK Area 51 is a website dedicated to unexplained events and emerging sciences concerning a wide variety of topics. Our aim is to provide rich, diverse and stimulating articles around the issues that face mankind now and in the future. Please visit our main site for many more intriguing articles at UK Area 51

Added: April 1, 2009
Source: http://ezinearticles.com/

A Quick Guide to Understanding How Telescopes Work

If you are new to the owner or a telescope, if you consider your own, you'll want to know all you can about telescopes and how they work. This article gives you a quick guide for understanding how telescopes work. It is important to know that just about any telescope operates in the same way. They all use light at a certain point where you have a microscope to view the image in the center for the person to see. When it comes to the different types of telescopes, you will notice that there are actually 3 types to choose from.

Your choices in telescopes consist of the following types: one that acts as a reflector, with a mirror, and bent at the bottom of the tube. The image is then reflected on a flat mirror, is at an angle, then the image to project into the eye. The next election would be a mirror lens. This can also be Catadioptric telescope. This species is both lenses and mirrors, these telescopes of modern telescopes. You can change this country for astronomical and see. Many people like these because they are compact designs to use them very easily and effectively. The last choice would be the refractor telescopes. These are most commonly associated with those people who just started using telescopes with. It is a long tube, the eyepiece is at one end and at the other end there is a lens, not lust. This kind of work which the light and refraction, it bends and comes into focus.

You may find that some telescopes, which is a curved lens that is actually the light rays bend when other types of telescopes are curved mirror. Now we have the basic parts and types of telescopes, you have a good understanding of this wonderful instrument. The optical element of the telescope, the mirrors or lenses, and this is known as the opening of the telescope. If you have images that are sharper and brighter, you will want to go with a telescope with a larger aperture. The size of the aperture is what you are looking for when looking for a powerful telescope.

Whether you are new to using a telescope or just trying to understand it a little better, the information above can help you a better feel for how they work. This will help you to an educated decision if they try to decide what kind of telescope you want to work with. She wants to be taken into account, what will you do with the amount as necessary for the help, the best choice for your ad fun.

Autor: Kirby Yardley

Article by Kirby Yardley
Find great deals on Telescopes at MagnifySpace.com!

Added: March 31, 2009
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When Size Matters - Choosing Giant Telescope Binoculars

Binocular Telescope, known as astronomy binoculars are not your run of the mill binoculars, because it specifically for use in astronomy or stargazing. The difference is, with magnification and aperture, and the types of fasteners. Aperture is obviously the biggest opening on a pair of binoculars, and it specifies the number of rays of light, be admitted to the binoculars. This is determined by the diameter of the hole. For example, giant telescope, binoculars, an opening of 25X100 or greater will regulate how good you are in the night when stargazing. The aperture size is 100mm in the case of 25X100 binocular telescope. The technical name for this goal is lens diameter.

magnification is generally defined as something like 8x or 10x. This means that with the 8-times an object is eight times closer than what the human eye can see. Also you can read about the exit pupil factor. The 25x magnification as the top and the diameter of the objective lens is the size of the exit pupil. Just divide the lens diameter (100) by the magnification (25). In the above case, the diameter of the exit pupil, which determines how much light is in the eye, if you have a 25X100 results in 4mm, which is not very good, so you should buy a giant telescope binoculars, at least one exit pupil greater than 7mm.

telescope or binoculars astronomy binoculars offer the highest and best look a genuine choice Telescope presentation, but without the unpleasant sight or blink for a telescope. Also, the high-end binoculars offer huge image stabilization, which is not possible, binoculars in hand held, but are found in those who mounted. In this way, a strong breeze, for example, will not shake the image to considerable inconvenience for the user. You should know that image stabilization is the use of a battery to power.

telescope binoculars have two eyepieces, usually with a soft, molded cups for eye comfort. Telescope is binocular with interchangeable eyepieces depending on the costs. Each eyepiece can be with his own abilities. Normally they have a very elegant and modern design. When used with a tripod, they are excellent binoculars telescope for stargazing at its best.

cost for this huge range of binoculars from the favorable Celestron Skymaster series, to thousands, if you have the desire of the top, above the best, as the BT125A VIXEN 125mm Binocular Telescope LVW22MM package with 2 Eyepieces, Tripod, fork mount 5835P2, for retail $ 4999.99 Of course, these are not for the beginner astronomer. The cost of the window can be mounted tripod mount binoculars on a window sill or a window, your car, start at 50 U.S. dollars. Regular tripods start at about the same price, but climb to as high as $ 500 for a Swarovski some models.

Many telescopic, giant binoculars at an affordable price range can be seen on Telescope Binocularsth

Autor: Arnold J. Tadjman

For more information on giant astronomy binoculars, please visit Telescope Binoculars.

Added: March 29, 2009
Source: http://ezinearticles.com/

NASA IBEX Probe Search For the Edge of the Solar System

NASA IBEX probe known as the Interstellar Boundary Explorer, a NASA satellite, the manufacture of the first map of the boundary between the Solar System. The operation is part of the NASA Small Explorer program and the sample was based on a Pegasus XL rocket on 19 October 2008. The most important task will be for about 2 years in which it will endeavor to map the entire solar system boundary.

The IBEX mission is managed by the Southwest Research Institute, Los Alamos National Laboratory and Lockheed Martin Advanced Technology Center as a co-investigator institutions accountable for the IBEX-Hi and IBEX-Lo sensor. Orbital Sciences Corporation provided the spacecraft bus and was the place for space vehicle environmental testing. NASA masterminds have distant nuclear test of the systems aboard the spacecraft and so far, said Eric Christian, Program for the NASA scientists, the Interstellar Boundary Explorer program, all are fully operational.

The probe is focusing on the "interstellar boundary, the edge of our solar system where hot solar wind back into the cold expanse of space. The active neutral atoms (ENA), the IBEX images will be recorded, scientists will expectantly to find out the basic interaction between our sun and the Milky Way. The interstellar boundaries are important because they are protecting the earth from large and extremely dangerous galactic cosmic rays, which otherwise in the orbit of the earth and causing human spaceflight too dangerous. NASA began collecting data on the outside of the solar system when Voyager 1 and 2, began in 1977, and navigated through our inner solar system for a trip in the direction of the border. Officials at the time commented that the two Voyager had "totally unexpected" data from both spacecraft, and the valuable data refutes many long ideologies about the region.

With this information, research workers and examines the structures and dynamics of outer hemisphere and a real test for manned exploration, investigation by the area that shields the earth from the majority of galactic cosmic ray radiation. It is now 4 months since the original launch, and IBEX Principal Investigator Dr. David McComas commented that some of the "fantastic results of science." It was agreed that the data so far are a few exceptional clear spatial differences in the fluxes and energies of neutral atoms travel in from the edge of the solar system. A substantial progress update is expected that this summer announced after the completion of the first all sky map.

Please visit our main site for many more intriguing articles at UK Area 51 and to view the original article please click NASA IBEX Probe

You can also contact James Hewson directly at ezine@ukarea51.com

Added: March 28, 2009
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What is a Wormhole As it Relates to Black Holes

What is a worm hole, as it is black holes? Well, wormholes are a means, is suspected in the universal theory of relativity, the change from one area to another area without traversing the space between. Worm holes are associated with black holes that, like black holes, curved space around them in a funnel-shaped vortex form. They are also known as Schwarzschild wormholes and Einstein-Rosen bridges, and it is important to remember that our current understanding of the universe, the purpose of this mystical space objects remains unknown. It is, however, the hypothesis to build bridges between the fields of space, the idea is in the center of a black hole and white hole, the two worlds.

Einstein's general relativity theory stresses that can be bent by massive bodies, and that time and space are inevitably linked. Einstein showed that the time may be at different speeds, the speed with which time seems to travel depends on the state of motion of the observer. An example of Einstein was a collection of clocks in a moving laboratory will tick slower than a group of clocks in a stationary reference Lab.

Worm holes and black holes are the result of a failure of massive stars, which has an excessive strength of gravity, that they light particles departure from its surface, so that the stars practically invisible. They act very much like a one-way street, only objects, allowing it into the black hole, but nothing to escape from its gravitational pull. For example, black holes orbit the center of the galaxy at a distance of many years, light tug on neighboring stars, which in turn, pull backwards on the black holes.

It is assumed that black holes are at least 10 to 15 times larger than our sun and a black hole funnel proposed structure, theme trips on a black hole and exit through a white hole would be compressed into an incredibly compact, but small size, it would against the potential of this tunnel as a transport gateway that it is highly unlikely that a white hole would be able to provide the material back to its state before the primary, in which the black hole. HTML clipboardWhite holes are almost identical to black holes in terms of their education but in white holes are objects thrust away from the center, unlike black holes, objects are not enabling them to dive to escape its gravitational force.

Understood, given the nature of the black hole of the funnel like structure, theme trips on a black hole and exit through a white hole would be compressed to a small but enormously compact size, it would have against the potential of this tunnel as a transportation gateway, that it was highly unlikely that a white hole would be able to provide the material back to its state before the primary, in which the black hole. If this is the case, the way that this method would work is that the object should be considered by the black hole and through the wormhole with a speed close to the light at the end of the object from the white hole into another section in space.

Wormholes are thoughts about possible based on Einstein's relativity theory, wormholes are a strange result of Einstein's general relativity theory in the light of the fact that wormholes are allowed to survive in the mathematics of general relativity theory ", the leading representation of our universe. Worm holes, as they relate to the black holes are only a marginal and very hypothetical concept, even if we understand what the nature of gravity, when combined with quantum physics, it looks like, in principle, such bodies would be conceivable.

Added: March 24, 2009
Source: http://ezinearticles.com/

The Distances to Stars

Most of us remember the first stanza of "Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star":

Twinkle, twinkle, little star,
How I wonder what you are!
Up above the world so high,
Like a diamond in the sky!

But, how high above the world are the stars?

The nearest star to Earth is the sun, which is an average of approximately 92,955,807 miles (149,597,870 kilometers) from us. Dealing with numbers that large is rather cumbersome. So astronomers have given a name to this distance: They call it an "Astronomical Unit" (or "AU" for short). So, by definition, the Earth is (on average) 1 AU from the sun. AU's are convenient if you're interested in the distance between planets in our solar system. For example, while the Earth orbits the sun at 1.0 AU, the planet Saturn orbits the sun at 9.53 AU's. So Saturn orbits 8.53 AU's farther from the sun than the Earth does.

But when we discuss the distances to other stars we find that the AU numbers start getting rather large. For example, with the exception of the sun, the closest star to Earth is called "Proxima Centauri." This star is 265,608 AU's from Earth, which translates into 24,689,794,389,764 miles (or 39,734,372,462,400 kilometers). To avoid dealing with such huge numbers, astronomers use another unit of distance - a "light-year." Sometimes people get confused by the word "year" and think "light-year" is a measure of time. No, it's a measure of distance, specifically, the distance light travels in one year - a "light-year." Light travels about 6 trillion miles (about 9 trillion kilometers) in one year. So a light-year is about 6 trillion miles (9 trillion kilometers). Proxima Centauri is about 4.2 light-years from Earth - that's a lot more convenient than using 24,689,794,389,764 miles!

Since a light-year is the distance light travels in one year, and since Proxima Centauri is 4.2 light-years from Earth, that means that when you view Proxima Centauri through a telescope, the light you see was generated 4.2 years ago! Indeed, while space is the setting for many science fiction stories about the future, when we look at the stars at night we're actually viewing light generated in the past.

Autor: Richard Pickering

Richard Pickering is an astronomer and writer for Name A Star Live. Click here to see the original version of this article, including some stunning space photos.

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While no star-naming service can change the scientific designations of stars, only Name A Star Live makes it real by providing you an opportunity to view your star live using an online, robotically controlled telescope. And you can send your star name and message to space on board an actual rocket!

Added: March 15, 2009
Source: http://ezinearticles.com/

Shining Some Starlight on the Refracting Telescope

Although Galileo has historically been credited with the invention of the refracting telescope in the early 1600s, credit should be given to three eye doctors whose work helped him develop the theory of refraction for his telescope. Refracting telescopes are very simple and have only two main components -- a convex lens called the objective lens, and a concave lens that makes up the eyepiece.

The convex lens is located at the end of the telescope and serves to refract or bend the light that enters the telescope and turn it into a single beam of light. Then the image you are looking at shows up in reverse on the concave lens, which turns the image around. Refraction telescopes allow the viewer to see very bright and clear images.

The refracting telescope invented by Galileo is used today by many people but the drawback is the small field of view it offers. A well known refracting telescope is the one in California at the Chabot Space and Science Center. The center actually has two refracting telescopes -- an eight-inch refracting telescope and a 21-inch refracting telescope. They are very basic telescopes and therefore spherical aberrations can occur. One way these aberrations are dealt with is by using a pair of lenses (a convex and a flat lens) to create an achromatic lens.

Refracting Telescopes and Color

One of the most common issues with a refracting telescope is the separation of light that occurs when the light is bent. When this happens, it is called chromatic aberration and it can be remedied with the use of an achromatic lens.

One problem with large refracting telescopes is getting the lens large enough without any imperfections that will be picked up as light goes through the lens. There are 41-inch lenses but they are unusable. Refracting telescopes are generally not used by professional astronomers due to the issue of getting all the light to focus in on one place at the same time.

Refracting telescopes are popular among novice astronomers and are utilized at observatories around the world. It is a good telescope choice for beginners due to the lens being enclosed that makes the image appear to be less shaky and have less movement than reflecting telescopes, which send the image to the viewer's eye from a mirror. The process of reflecting light from the first mirror to the second and then the eye piece can cause an unsteady image.

Autor: Bo Collins

Learn more about the refracting telescope at the TelescopesCafe

Added: March 14, 2009
Source: http://ezinearticles.com/

Star Testing - Ensuring the Quality of Telescope Optics

To ensure the quality of telescope optics, a very sensitive technique known as star testing is performed. Albeit an easy technique, correct interpretations of the results require careful examination and sufficient knowledge. Specifically, optical aberrations (oftentimes caused by imperfect optical systems or bad weather conditions) can be determined (and thus corrected) only if you are careful and knowledgeable when inspecting the patterns of diffraction images. This article lists the common optical aberrations observed by star testing.

Firstly, it should be noted that although it is commonplace for star tests to be carried out in night conditions on bright stars, some people may opt for it to be done using artificial stars since it is nondependent on time of the day. Example of an artificial star is the reflection off a Christmas tree ornament placed at an appropriate distance.

Now, to star test, telescopes with good quality eyepieces (best not to use a Barlow lens as it may introduce its own aberrations) have to be focused at an extremely high magnification (i.e.: at least 100x per mm of aperture). Once set up, you should observe the patterns through the scope for images that are in focus, and ones that are very slightly inside and outside of the focal point.

For focused images that have diffraction, the pattern has a sharp, bright Airy disk, surrounded by increasingly faint concentric circles. Importantly, patterns at similar points both inside and outside of focus are round and identical to each other. An out-of-focus image for a refractor without diffraction is a multitude of alternating light and dark, concentric circles. On the other hand, out-of-focus images with diffraction show a dark central shadow. Therefore, problems are determined by comparing differences in pattern between the inside and outside focus images and from the overall shape of a diffraction pattern. These problems indicate things that can be easily corrected.

Image diffraction may be due to many reasons, such as atmospheric turbulence and/or temperature inequilibrium. During turbulence, it is best to conduct star testing on another night. A telescope's temperature that is in inequilibrium results in tube currents, indicating that you should wait awhile for the temperature to come to equilibrium. Poor collimation in telescopes means you should readjust the mirrors of your telescope. If "pinched optics" patterns exist, it means that you should find your optical system for sources of stress on the optics, such as overly tightened collimation screws or tube-ring clamps that are too tight. Additionally, the existence of astigmatism might be due to poor collimation on the telescopes, or that a secondary/diagonal mirror that is not perfectly flat. Finally, some aberrations result from poor shaping and/or polishing during the mirror-manufactured process may be harder to correct by the user. These include mirror over-correction and under-correction, some causes of astigmatism, edge defects, zonal defects and rough surface. In this case, it is best to leave it to the experts!

Autor: Zavier Fong

You can find out more about telescopes at OZScopes - The Australian Telescope Experts.

Added: March 7, 2009
Source: http://ezinearticles.com/

The Shuttle Orbiters - How They Were Named

On April 10, 1981 a crowd of more than 600 000 spectators crowded the beaches and causeways around the Kennedy Space Center. They all came to see the launch of the first shuttle mission. Many could see the Columbia poised on the pad before it was launched. When people three miles away felt the heat on their faces they knew they had seen something remarkable. In the years to come other orbiters would join their leader. Here is how they got their names.

The Enterprise

- this test model got the name made popular as Captain Kirks ship in the popular TV series Star Trek.

Columbia

- named after a U.S. Navy frigate that sailed around the world in 1836 and secondly also after the command module for the first moon landing. The Eagle was the name of the Lunar Lander. Columbia would be the second orbiter to end its life in disaster as it was torn to pieces during the re-entry after a successful mission.

Challenger

- named after another U.S. frigate that explored the Atlantic and Pacific oceans in 1870

Discovery

Two ships with the same name was the inspiration behind this name. The ship with which Henry Hudson explored Hudson Bay and that of James Cooks voyage to the Hawaiian Islands in 1776

Atlantis

- named after an American two-masted ketch that sailed 800 000 kilometers, carrying out oceanographic research between 1930 and 1936

Endeavour

- the last of the orbiters to receive a name of a famous sailing ship. This was the name of the ship Captain James Cook used on his first voyage to the South when he charted New Zealand and the eastern coastline of Australia.

The Orbiters will not be replaced and only three are left. The Challenger and Columbia were both destroyed during ill fated flights.

Autor: Leon Steyn Leon Steyn
Level: Platinum
I am a student of life, searching for the deeper meaning of the unknown, including the reasons for the existence of the Universe and the ... ...

Leon is a serious scholar of Astronomy and writer of numerous articles on subjects such as Astronomy, Spirituality, Travel, Ancient Cultures. His work can be seen here and on other sites such as at http://monkcave.com/ams

Added: March 6, 2009
Source: http://ezinearticles.com/

Space is Alive and Breathes Through Massive Explosions

The biggest explosion ever recorded in the history of Astronomy has just been detected in deep space (2009) and specific in the constellation of Carina. Why do we see these explosions and can they harm us on Earth?

Explosions are not new phenomena and though humans almost always associate explosions with disaster and destruction this might not always be the case in space. In fact, the biggest explosion ever, termed The Big Bang happened around 15 000 million years ago. If it was not for that explosion you would not be reading here.Smaller explosions have been shaping the Universe into the form it is today.

Volcanic eruptions happen on a monthly basis across the globe as the hot melted inside releases itself, while spurting gas into the atmosphere. Further out we see the pattern repeating itself on the other planets such as Venus but especially on the Jupiter moon Io. Io reforms itself every few years as lava spurts out in volcanic eruptions across the entire surface of the moon.

The next explosion phenomena comes from the Sun. This nuclear furnace, the provider of light and energy for us on Earth is a violent star. Its violent inside releases the hydrogen burning into forming helium. Once the energy reaches the surface it is released in the form of light and heat. Intense magnetic fields can also be seen and is called sunspots. Prominences or loops of gas columns as a result of material being lifted away from the Sun at speeds of up to 1000 kilometers per second are also studied in detail. Lastly Solar Flares that arise within sunspot groups are explosions that can influence auroral displays, communication on Earth but most of all the temperature in them can reach millions of degrees.

Then as we head into deep space we find Supernovas or the death of stars where the massive explosion brings about the end of a stars life. These explosions are so violent that they can be seen from deep space as their brilliance can reach a point where they are visible in broad daylight. I wrote a series of articles on the most famous of them such as that of 1054 and as recent as in 1987 known as Supernova 87.

There are more deep space explosions but now we have detected a massive explosion in space which seem as to be the biggest gamma-ray burst ever detected. The spectacular blast occurred in September in the Carina constellation. To explain the awesome energy released is not easy. The huge gamma-ray burst occurred around 12.2 billion light years away. Compare that to the Sun which is only eight light minutes from Earth you will understand how far away it happened.

Taking into account the huge distance from earth of the burst, scientists worked out that the blast was stronger than 9,000 supernovae and that the gas jets emitting the initial gamma rays moved at nearly the speed of light which is 300 000 kilometers per second. The tremendous power and speed make it the most extreme recorded to date. Gamma-ray bursts are the most luminous explosions, which astronomers believe occur when massive stars run out of nuclear fuel and collapse.

While these explosions are violent they do not hold any danger in for life on Earth. Even the amount of radiation from the explosions on the Sun is all filtered by the atmosphere. That way we will be safe until we destroy the layers inside the atmosphere, needed for our protection.

Autor: Leon Steyn Leon Steyn
Level: Platinum
I am a student of life, searching for the deeper meaning of the unknown, including the reasons for the existence of the Universe and the ... ...

Leon is a contributor to various article directories. His passion is Astronomy, Travel, Ancient Civilizations , Writing and Photography and lastly Spirituality and Religion. Read more of his articles here or see his directory at http://monkcave.com/ams

Added: March 5, 2009
Source: http://ezinearticles.com/

Features That Should Be Found in the Best Astronomy Software Reviews

We are often left in awe when the moon shines brightly in the night sky. This is when the area is away from the city and against the blaring city lights and smoky skies. When we are in the city, we won't appreciate the beauty of the full moon in a clear night sky. Well, disappoint not, because if you can get your hands on a PC and the best astronomy software, you'll be greatly amazed how you will be able to see the lunar beauty complete with information.

Many moon observers will greatly benefit from having an amazing astronomical software. This software often produces a virtual simulation of the moon's position in the night sky plus all the information we need to know including the moon phase, the constellation, the exact time of lunar eclipse and where it can be seen. Lunar observing software can also produce virtual maps in 2D and 3D lay-outs; which allows us to see the moon without the hassles of natural obstructions such as clouds, bright city lights and rainy weathers. With available moon phases software, you'll be able to search a database of over 9000 lunar features!

You can also predict lunar eclipses and times of first crescent visibility with certain moon observing software. You can also sometimes play hundreds of astronomy-themed videos and NASA TV. Moon observers from different walks of life will surely love to have this software especially if astronomy amazes you as it does to me. Moon observing software makes life much easier and makes observing the moon fun and enjoyable.

Autor: Bill Chen

Are You Ready To Get The Best Astronomy Software? Start gazing the sky with this amazing software!! Learn More!

Added: March 3, 2009
Source: http://ezinearticles.com/