shrinking of the Telescope - "astronomers in the past 50 years have wonderful discoveries, expanding our understanding of the universe and humanity opens the vision of the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum. Our knowledge of how the cosmos was born and how many of the phenomena, is exponential in a human life. Despite the great progress, there remain basic questions, largely unanswered. To our understanding of the way our present universe after the "Big Bang" requires a new kind of information, skills not available at present, either in the existing ground-based or space telescopes. "
The bigger is better, as embodied in our consciousness that only the idea of a small telescope efficiency seems to defy all laws of science. But science always supports miniature size telescopes. However, barring an understanding of the basic principle of concentration that takes us over the centuries. Research in this area has a comprehensive understanding of the science behind optical telescope operation, has contributed to the design of the next generation of telescopes. The introduction of mini-telescope is the size of a viewfinder now on today's telescopes. But this new generation of telescopes will have more powerful solution than even the largest telescope.
technology in the lens and mirror production has improved considerably over the centuries. With the help of computers, lasers, and robotics technologies, optics can be used with precision accuracy. Finally, the size of the telescopes to a portable device is as small as a pair of spectacles, in the not so distance future. Telescopes will be available shortly from very small (a few centimeters in length) tubes inserted in a head covering. They have the advantage of precise movement and shock absorbent to the human head. Large field of view, similar to the naked eye, impressive concentration, infinite magnification (only by light pollution and disturbance), the brightness and color snap shot pictures and live video recording. Headgear will be convenient, efficient and versatile. The design retains the potential to up-to sort and customize. After nearly 400 years of telescope development, we finally have a revolutionary breakthrough in the situation now redesigning telescopes Science and revolutionary optical devices shrink football size telescopes into a finder, and finally into a spectacle. Welcome to the new era of telescope technology.
Impossible Lets - As our technological achievements of the future, we find a way to make the impossible possible. We are improving the existing technology by using smaller and more efficient. In many cases, smaller integrated increases the broad category of efficiency gains. We are now in a position of manufacturing tools at a microscopic scale, with the exception of the optical telescope. Optical Telescope is the only instrument that is always in the size rather then shrink. As we advance in the areas of research and development of these instruments, they grow in size with each new generation. It is a dream every astronomer to have access to a high resolution telescope, but small enough to be portable.
However, it is in our minds that we are unable to resolution with a reduced size in a single design. In this context, engineers continue to develop larger instruments, the monsters and giants. The reason for miniature-size telescope is impossible, not only with optical science, but with unclear understanding of the principle of light. We still do not understand the complex interaction of both ads and the pictures until now. It is for this uncertainty, why we still have two different theories of light. Light is as a particle accelerates from point A to point B, and is also light as waves that are transmitted by wave motion. If a theory does not make sense, the other is. Mini-size telescope is based on "unifying theory of light."
Science - Our eyes are very unique: a young person pupil expands 2-7 millimeters, but the eyes have the ability to view the pictures of several thousand meters in diameter. Our wide field of view provides convincing evidence that we are converging rays and image rays are not parallel. Converging obeyed radiation image the inverse square law of electromagnetic radiation. Converging rays describe that the rays on a point convert. Therefore, picture, of this radiation to reduce its cross-sectional area with distance travel. Images of the largest aperture telescope, actually in just a few millimeters from our eyes. Small angle of the eye (true range) in seconds that a degree is so small, the brain, it is difficult to isolate the data they contain for recognition, if it takes into account our full field of view. These small angle of compressed information inside our great range, and appear to be only a small spot or be invisible.
Nonetheless magnification provides the means by which small-angle view in larger ones. A refractor telescope with an aperture of 30 millimeters and 120 millimeters focal length (focal ratio f /4), the power of 5x magnifying mirror and will have a exit pupil of 5 millimeters. This is a very light telescope, opening up close to the maximum of 7 mm opening of the pupil. If a second telescope was identical with the aperture size of 30 millimeters, but have a focal length of 1200 millimeters (f/40). The power is 50x times magnification mirror. Instead of a 5 mm exit pupil, as is now a telescope exit pupil of only 0.5 millimeters. From the same formula to 50x times magnifying power and an exit pupil of 5 mm, the aperture, is 300 millimeters.
Refractor telescopes can not be a 7 mm exit pupil, without the aberrations. To overcome Telescope designers are trying to strike a balance between magnification and brightness. Resolution describes this equilibrium. The compromise is the brightness, but increase power magnification and image clarity in the same proportions. The ocular plays an important role in completing the picture of the visible range. You are in a position to influence visual field, magnification and exit pupil (brightness). A short focal length of the eye will be a great power magnifying mirror, small field of view, and short exit pupil, while a long focal length of the eye lens is a small power, big picture, and a long exit pupil. For this example we can see that magnification is inversely proportional to the diameter of the exit pupil and exit pupil is directly proportional to the brightness.
From the formula bigger is better, we know that by increasing the aperture of the objective, we can see the exit pupil and therefore the brightness of the image. There are many optical aberrations that set design restriction modem telescope design. In the design of optical systems, optical engineer must compromise in the control of aberrations to achieve the desired result. Aberrations are errors that result in the imperfection of the image. Such errors can result from design or manufacturing or both.
Achromats are developed to color aberration created when white light is broken, but also with the best designs, color aberration can not be completely eliminated. Color aberration, a side effect, the secondary spectrum. The longer the focal ratio, the weaker the secondary spectrum. Color Aberration limits most refractors become a focus of f/15. Reflectors that are less strongly affected by color aberration, the focal ration of f /5 for the commercial development and f/2.5 for professional design. Within known telescope design, the different conditions, which is perfect for picture, so that engineers compromise to a close balance, will result in the best possible picture.
What if magnification, focus and brightness could be separated? The new formula? Mini-size telescopes "isolates each of these factors and can be independently tuned for maximum efficiency.
Magnifying the desire for Powe r-" The Mostly Large Telescope (OWL) is a wonderful project that requires international efforts. This giant telescope primary mirror would be more than 100 meters in diameter and is 40-times better resolution than the Hubble Space Telescope. This is a telescope with a primary mirror of the size of a foot-ball field. "
The need for a stronger magnifying glass power began with the Galilean design. Research and experiments to improve the telescope's magnification shows that increasing the magnification power is directly proportional to the difference in focal length of the objective and the ocular ( eyepiece), in which the focal length of the eye is the shorter of the two. The race for the construction of the most powerful telescope began at an early age in telescope development. The greatest minds at the time of competition to dominate the shaping of this new technology. During
this time, telescopic tubes were very long. In time, these tubes can reach length makes it unstable. In some cases, the pipes from the instrument, the design. tubeless telescopes were antenna telescopes. As in the Competition telescope engineers to develop powerful telescopes, they unknowingly on a secondary problem that limits the length and the magnification of these early "refractor telescope design. You become that the images to darken with increased magnification. Some, such as magnification, the reduction in the quantity of light and /or from the telescope lenses. The explanation for this phenomenon was that was not enough light from the telescope's ocular points, such as sufficient light was not on target. Increasing the aperture size increases the exit pupil and the problem of the dark image magnification has been resolved.
In this phase telescope development, only Keplerian and Galilean "Refractor" invented telescopes. Lens was in an early stage, and it was difficult to produce quality lenses. Large aperture lenses was even a bigger challenge. Refractor telescope soon their "size limit, but now that the second section of the formula for high resolution capability is known reflector telescope of several variations was born.
To date, nearly 400 years later, the same formula is still used. Modem improvements simply the quality of the optics now, when the modification minimizes aberrations. We can now larger telescopes with resolution and brightness never possible in the time of Galileo, but the formula used in the development of these instruments is the same modem as the earliest drafts -bigger is better. The bigger is better formula is not without limitations. For example, color aberration limits the brightness of the refractor telescope with a focal length of f /I 5 filtered secondary spectrum aberration. The necessary limits of the focal ratio of light gathering capability Refractors. Reflectors are not affected by secondary spectrum effect. focal ratio in the range of ff2.5 sense is if the exit pupil almost 7 millimeters. But any attempt to increase the magnification within the reflector telescope at the same time, brightness, an increase of the aperture and the focal length in the same proportion. It is these design features the words? bigger is better "so convincing.
back restrictions - The understanding of the principle of light rewarded us with the development of modern optical technologies. The present article is to introduce a breakthrough in research and development of small Powerful telescopes. Most large telescope is produced to inform you that magnification is not important, and that the brightness of a concern expressed to a buyer when shopping for a telescope. Magnification and brightness are equally important for the remote display and recording images, but the most important factor in the transmission of information in an image, focus. From the basic principles to be included in a picture, the focus will be less well known. The awareness of an image point and as one of the focal image is easy to calculate, but what are the interactions, the electron dynamics under the focal image is still unanswered.
All optical instruments focus around design, so there will always be top priority in the formation of a clear picture. Magnification and brightness are of minor importance, they are the result after focus is achieved. It is the critical distance of the alignment, the maximum magnification and brightness, in which an image is viewed clearly. Magnification describes the action of the transformation of small view angle (true range) to larger (visible range), the alteration in the angle at which the image rays are received, so that the brain-delusion to believe that the object is either closer to or greater then it really is. If it is not for the necessity of concentration, a single convex lens? "A magnifying glass would be a telescope capable of infinite zoom, which simply measures the differences is the distance from the eye. Unfortunately, there is a critical distance at which the pictures are on a single focus lens or even a system of lenses. This is also known as the critical distance of the focus.
What is Focus? Webster's Dictionary: FO- Customers , is the distinctness and clarity, with an optical system makes a picture.
four hundred years of history - The discovery of the distance has been enlarged by chance. Early Lens Maker, Jan Lippershey was experimented with two different lenses, as he discovered the effect of distant magnification. He noted that a negative lens close to the eyes, while a positive lens in alignment with the first, away from the eyes of that distant objects appear to be much closer than they would with the naked eye. Since then, research to understand and explain the science behind the magic devices are still trying. Even with today's technology, telescope designers are still faced with major design limitations and challenges of forging a compromise between telescope size, brightness and image sharpness. Scientists have always been puzzled about the nature of light. Sir Isaac Newton related to light as a stream of tiny particles traveling in a straight line. Dutch scientist Christian Huygens, on the other hand, believes that light waves in a substance called ether, which he allegedly fill such a vacuum. Huygens concept was better than the theory of the two. Today, however, scientists believe that light from a current wave of small pockets of energy called photons, there is.
The bigger is better formula - "With a telescope, the 10-times the collecting area of any telescope ever built. They would be able to go several thousand times weaker than the weakest, what you are today? s telescopes. "
The formula, which is also known telescopes over the centuries, the development is quite simple, well-known and well-bigger is better. This is the same as saying that larger aperture offers brighter image, while longer focal length provides more magnification. Even so, this formula is set in stone? Tell us the formula to the test. Can you get large magnification without long focal length objective? The answer is yes. microscopes huge expansion with relatively short focal length objective. Is it possible to light to collect, without a very large aperture size? Again, the answer is yes. microscope shows this also. Then it is possible that high magnification microscopes offer sufficient brightness for a relatively small size, while telescopes can not? This shows that it is not the right of the magnification or brightness, but the instrument design limitations that is based on the concept that bigger is better. Keplerian A basic telescope design works like a microscope, if the other end of the tube. From the fact , telescopes, which is basically an inverted microscope, one can find the close relationship between the two.
An international standard full-size student microscope offers as much as 400x magnifying power, nor how a microscope consists of a tube, less than 20 centimeters in length. Sufficient light is reflected from its "Plain-o-convex mirror is less than 7 centimeters in diameter. To equalize the brightness and magnifying mirror in a telescope of focal length f/2.5 is recommended for an exit pupil nearly 7 millimeters. This telescope is a diaphragm of 320 inches (3.2 m) and a focal length of 800 centimeters (8 meters), such as the calculation with a 20 millimeter eye points. This represents an increase of almost 50x big. This shows that the brightness is not only large aperture, magnification or on long focal length. However, the "bigger is better" formula is a limitation that the design surface only in remote magnification. Bundling of remote images is more difficult than the close-up images. We can prove this with a single magnification slide that held close to the eye. Objects farther than 2 /3 the focal length of the lens is removed from the concentration.
All optical systems are all around design focus. In order to vary magnification and brightness, focus has to be constant. We can compromise on magnification and brightness visa-a-verse, but we can never focus. Therefore, instead of saying that M-magnification is inversely proportional to the brightness, it is also true to say that the magnification M is equal to concentrate, divided by the brightness B, where the focus will be a constant D. M
= D /B
Magnification power (M) = concentration constant (D) /Brightness (B) in white, optical telescope design, all three factors are integrated. Focus has been the primary factor for a clear picture, while increasing brightness and serves both as a secondary factor in the emergence of an image is concentrated. known optical systems, focus, brightness and magnification are inextricably linked. The resolution is for the sum of the power of a telescope. It is produced by the telescope is able to imprint details within an image. A picture is the imprint of the individual points, which together form a complete picture. Enlarge an image with which these points. Magnification Light is very different from the image magnification and enlarged by the angle of the received image light.
But it is the breakthrough question, what if these three important factors can be isolated and individually tailored? Hm mm. Telescope Engineering will not be the same again, and the science of astronomy will explode.
Autor: Nathaniel Douglas
Nathaniel Douglas
Added: July 3, 2009
Source: http://ezinearticles.com/
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